14강 빈칸 내용 추론 (2)
Gateway 건축 설계 시 사용자 참여의 중요성
Giving clients sufficient opportunity to react to your designs while in progress is a key to professional ____.
Similarly, involving prospective building users as well as clients is even more valuable in the ____ run.
Say your ____ is a large corporation, such as a health care provider.
While the hospital administration may serve as your client, no doubt the perspectives of administration personnel will differ significantly from those of doctors, interns, residents, nurses, and other medical staff who ____ the building regularly.
In addition, the experiences of patients and visitors who use the building ____, often as a result of life-threatening emergencies, are altogether different as well.
Understanding how each type of user experiences the current medical environment as well as how each reacts to your prospective ____ inevitably produces a better building.
People are likely to be more satisfied with a new building or addition if they have been ____ in the design process.
For a large institution, this can translate into increased productivity on the job, reduced absenteeism, ____ turnover, and lower costs.
Exercise 1 같은 경험에 대한 의미 해석의 차이
Sharing meanings and experiences is not a simple, automatic process: whenever two or more people observe or participate in the same ongoing event they experience it from different perspectives, with different histories, with different ____ knowledge.
These differences are most glaring when the individuals involved include an infant or very young child and an adult, although an adult arranging an event for an infant may ____ it difficult to keep these differences in mind.
When giving a bath, for example, a parent whose experience with water ____ has been fun, whose knowledge about the source of the water and its disposition provides confidence, and whose body control ensures that the baby is safely held and not in danger, expects the infant to enjoy splashing water.
Yet the ____ may make it clear (perhaps by terrified crying) that her perspective is quite different from that of the adult.
The two share an experience, but ____ a meaning.
Exercise 2 공로 인정과 시점 특정의 어려움
A detailed anthropological study of daily scientific practice in the ____ Institute laboratory in La Jolla, California shows how difficult it is to assign credit and dates.
Bruno Latour describes how scientists arrived at the elucidation of ____ (thyrotropin-releasing factor), a hormone that is secreted by the brain.
He ____ that his observations led him to "the conviction that a body of practices widely regarded by outsiders as well organized, logical, and coherent, in fact consists of a disordered array of observations with which scientists struggle to produce order."
The final consensus formulation of TRF (i.e., when it ____ a scientific "fact") emerged some time between January 1968 and January 1970.
Half of the Nobel Prize in Medicine for 1977 for this discovery was ____ between the Salk group and another competing group in New Orleans (the other half went to Rosalind Yalow for the techniques she developed that were used in these studies), but each of these two competing groups strongly felt that they deserved sole credit and that the other did not deserve even a share of the award.
Exercise 3 음악 공연에서 지휘자의 존재
The ____ of music direction, in the sense of someone shaping and leading a musical performance, goes back to the beginnings of music.
Even the gamelans of ancient Indonesia had leaders who would signal to the group changes of meter and tempo, beginnings and endings, and transitions from ____ to piece.
Yet listening audiences are rarely aware of any musical leadership, and for good ____ reason.
They need not be aware to fulfill their experience; indeed, the unnecessarily ____ presence of a musical leader will detract from it.
An audience is better off, for the most part, taking in the whole of a stage work rather than being party to the techniques that go ____ realizing it.
This is not to say that when an orchestra plays alone the ____ members' eyes are not fixed on the conductor for the majority of the time; they probably are.
When ____ is accompanying something happening on stage, however, all eyes turn to the stage, and so do everyone's ears, too (including the music director's).
Exercise 4 배경 지식의 중요성
The importance of ____ a reader brings to the page is highlighted in a study discussed by Hirsch in The Knowledge Deficit.
This study consisted of two groups of students who were asked to read a ____ about baseball.
The ____ group was made up of strong readers who knew little about baseball.
The second ____ was composed of struggling readers who were knowledgeable about baseball.
After reading the passage, students in each group ____ their comprehension tested.
Guess which group ____ higher? The struggling readers.
Having strong reading skills was ____ enough for the students who came to the page with a knowledge deficit about the topic.
Though the second group of readers were not strong readers, their prior knowledge enabled them to outscore readers with far ____ abilities.
Prior knowledge, or, in the case of the ____ readers, the lack of prior knowledge, was the x-factor.