11강 어법 정확성 파악
Gateway 인간의 적응적 정보 축적
We are exceptionally smart, and this helps us adapt to a wide range ____ environments.
But we are not nearly ____ enough as individuals to solve the adaptive problems that confronted modern humans as they spread across the globe.
The package of tools, foraging techniques, ecological knowledge, and ____ arrangements used by any group of foragers is far too complex for any individual to create.
We are able ____ learn all the things we need to know in each of the many different environments in which we live only because we acquire information from others.
We are much better at learning from others than other species are, and we are motivated to learn from others even ____ we do not understand why our models are doing what they are doing.
____ psychology allows human populations to accumulate pools of adaptive information that greatly exceed the inventive capacities of individuals.
Exercise 1 은유를 활용한 조사 보고서 작성 방법 교육
Here’s an ____ of metaphors to research papers: Below-grade-level readers in my urban middle school have a great deal of difficulty doing research.
Their answer ____ assigned to do "a report" is to come to the media center and copy verbatim everything in the encyclopedia article or whatever source they have located, be it Internet, print, or whatever.
To try to get the students to understand why it isn’t necessary to copy everything in the articles, I use ____ comparison to a supermarket.
I ask them if everything in the supermarket is useful, and we discuss this, with the usual conclusion being that it is, but we don’t buy everything all the ____
____ I ask them why they don’t buy everything each time they go and how they determine what to buy when they go with their parents.
Someone usually mentions that they have a ____
From that point on, I lead a discussion about how whatever their teachers have asked for is their "shopping list" for their ____ and they should just read for that information and write it down in note format.
It sometimes helps them to understand that copying everything is ____ wasteful endeavor.
Exercise 2 시장 효율성이 사회적 · 환경적 가치에 미치는 영향
Reformist approaches assume that markets could operate in more equitable and environmentally reasonable ways, and that a market is the ____ efficient option available.
Yet the logic of market efficiencies generally rotates on purely monetary calculations, effectively reasoning in a ____ of mirrors and marginalising real social and environmental values.
Familiar examples are conventional food retailers, such as supermarkets, which purchase fruit and ____ as cheaply as possible.
Inexpensive produce might be ____ using soil- and water-damaging fertilisers, by poorly paid illegal migrant workers, and transported long distances using more cheap labour and environmentally damaging practices.
However, organic farmers ____ only follow ecologically sound practices and make sure they pay their workers fair wages if the food costs more, meaning supply for an elite demand.
By its very nature, one never manages to escape the conundrums that ____ for trade entails.
Real social and environmental values involved in caring for people and Earth highlight the inequities and damage ____ market-oriented activities.
Exercise 3 사회적 구성으로서의 인종
There is ____ scientific basis for the term "race".
Most humans are genetically very similar and there is so little variation amongst us that ____ is not possible to draw neat boundaries around people and label them as a distinct racial group.
Race is an example of social construction, where social processes create something ____ essentially does not exist but takes on real force in people’s lives.
Sociologists prefer to call ____ processes "racialization".
Historical evidence that race has always ____ an issue is hard to find.
For example, in ____ Rome there were various leading figures, such as Emperor Septimius Severus (ruled C.E. 193-211), who were black.
Little is said of their skin colour in accounts written at the time, because ____ ancient Romans did not think it made any difference.
____ thought more in terms of judging people as being civilized or a barbarian.
Exercise 4 1인분 양이 증가한 결과
Many factors contribute to Americans’ growing waistlines, but one observation ____ particular cannot be overlooked: The incidence of obesity has increased in parallel with increasing portion sizes.
Consider this: Adults today consume an average of 300 more calories ____ day than they did in the year 1985.
Is this just a coincidence, or do larger portion sizes have ____ to do with it?
In almost every eating situation, we are now confronted by huge portions, which are perceived as "normal" ____ "a great value."
Americans ____ created the perception that large portion sizes are appropriate, creating an environment of portion distortion.
____ find portion distortions in restaurants, where the jumbo-sized portions are consistently 250 percent larger than the regular portions.
We even find portion distortions in our homes, where the sizes of our bowls and glasses have steadily increased and where the surface area of the average dinner plate has increased 36 percent ____ 1960.
Research shows that people unintentionally consume more calories when ____ larger portions.
Consuming larger portion sizes can contribute to positive energy balance, which, over time, leads to weight gain and ____ can result in obesity.