11강 어법 정확성 파악
Gateway 인간의 적응적 정보 축적
We are ____ smart, and this helps us adapt to a wide range of environments.
But we are not nearly smart enough as individuals to solve the adaptive problems that confronted modern ____ as they spread across the globe.
The package of tools, foraging techniques, ecological knowledge, and social arrangements used by any group of foragers is ____ too complex for any individual to create.
____ are able to learn all the things we need to know in each of the many different environments in which we live only because we acquire information from others.
We are much better at learning from others than other species are, ____ we are motivated to learn from others even when we do not understand why our models are doing what they are doing.
This psychology allows human populations to accumulate pools of adaptive information that greatly exceed the ____ capacities of individuals.
Exercise 1 은유를 활용한 조사 보고서 작성 방법 교육
Here’s an application of metaphors to research ____ Below-grade-level readers in my urban middle school have a great deal of difficulty doing research.
Their answer when assigned to do "a report" is to come to the media center and copy verbatim everything in the encyclopedia article or whatever source they have located, be it Internet, print, ____ whatever.
To try to get the students to understand why it isn’t necessary to copy everything in ____ articles, I use a comparison to a supermarket.
I ask them if everything in the supermarket is useful, and we discuss this, with the usual conclusion being ____ it is, but we don’t buy everything all the time.
____ I ask them why they don’t buy everything each time they go and how they determine what to buy when they go with their parents.
Someone usually mentions that they have ____ list.
From that point on, I ____ a discussion about how whatever their teachers have asked for is their "shopping list" for their research, and they should just read for that information and write it down in note format.
It ____ helps them to understand that copying everything is a wasteful endeavor.
Exercise 2 시장 효율성이 사회적 · 환경적 가치에 미치는 영향
Reformist approaches assume that markets could operate in more equitable and environmentally reasonable ways, and that a market is the most efficient option ____
Yet the logic of market efficiencies generally rotates on purely monetary calculations, effectively reasoning in a ____ of mirrors and marginalising real social and environmental values.
Familiar examples are conventional food retailers, such as supermarkets, which purchase fruit and vegetables as cheaply as ____
Inexpensive produce might be grown using soil- and water-damaging fertilisers, by poorly paid illegal migrant workers, and ____ long distances using more cheap labour and environmentally damaging practices.
However, organic farmers can ____ follow ecologically sound practices and make sure they pay their workers fair wages if the food costs more, meaning supply for an elite demand.
By ____ very nature, one never manages to escape the conundrums that production for trade entails.
Real social and environmental values involved in caring for people and Earth highlight the inequities and damage of ____ activities.
Exercise 3 사회적 구성으로서의 인종
There is no scientific ____ for the term "race".
Most humans are genetically very similar and there is so little ____ amongst us that it is not possible to draw neat boundaries around people and label them as a distinct racial group.
Race is an example of social construction, where social processes create something that essentially does ____ exist but takes on real force in people’s lives.
Sociologists prefer to call these ____ "racialization".
Historical evidence that race has always been an issue ____ hard to find.
For example, in ancient Rome there were various leading figures, such as Emperor Septimius ____ (ruled C.E. 193-211), who were black.
Little is said of their skin colour in accounts written at the time, ____ the ancient Romans did not think it made any difference.
They thought more in terms of ____ people as being civilized or a barbarian.
Exercise 4 1인분 양이 증가한 결과
Many factors contribute to Americans’ growing waistlines, but one observation in particular cannot be overlooked: The incidence of ____ has increased in parallel with increasing portion sizes.
Consider this: Adults today consume an average of 300 more calories per day than ____ did in the year 1985.
Is ____ just a coincidence, or do larger portion sizes have something to do with it?
In almost every eating situation, ____ are now confronted by huge portions, which are perceived as "normal" or "a great value."
Americans have created the perception that large portion sizes are appropriate, ____ an environment of portion distortion.
We find portion distortions ____ restaurants, where the jumbo-sized portions are consistently 250 percent larger than the regular portions.
We even find portion distortions in our homes, where the sizes of our bowls and glasses have steadily increased and where the ____ area of the average dinner plate has increased 36 percent since 1960.
Research shows that people unintentionally consume more calories ____ offered larger portions.
Consuming larger portion sizes can contribute to positive energy balance, which, over time, leads to weight ____ and ultimately can result in obesity.