12강 어휘 적절성 파악
Gateway 목적을 위해 수단을 정당화하는 상황 윤리
Situational ethics is an ethical ____ that takes into account the context of a situation or an act when judging whether it is ethical.
Supporters of this theory willingly permit ____ aside absolute moral standards.
In the absence of a universal standard or ____, what matters is the outcome or consequences; so, the end justifies the means.
Possibly the ____ contrasting realities can help illustrate the application of situational ethics.
In a pickup game of basketball ____ among friends, everyone is expected to call his or her own fouls or acknowledge knocking the ball out-of-bounds.
Caring ____ one's friends and maybe getting to keep playing with the group leads to these actions.
But, once an organized game is played with officials, most athletes will not admit to the same fouls or violations as the ____ goal of winning is more important than expressing concern for competitors.
Situational ____ has been extended by many athletes and coaches to mean trying to get away with as many actions on the field or court as possible to gain competitive advantages.
Exercise 1 도덕적 분노로 촉발되는 징벌
Moral ____ is the psychological tool that motivates people to punish wrongdoers, even at cost or risk to themselves.
It is a "commitment device," something that commits people to punishment, even though trying to punish someone can be ____.
When we witness unjust harm, whether someone committing interpersonal violence or obvious ____, we have an embodied physical reaction.
We get angry, our blood pressure spikes, our heart beats faster; we ____ for retribution.
Outrage leads us to ignore the irrationality of risking our own ____ to punish someone.
In any single situation, there is rarely an immediate personal benefit for meting out punishment, and often there is real risk, because the person you are serving justice against could lash out at you or get revenge in the ____.
But the powerful feeling of outrage leads us to momentarily forget this unfavorable evaluation and get involved in a situation we would be ____ off avoiding, and science reveals how this feeling and forgetting is essential for maintaining a cooperative society.
Exercise 2 천연 제품에 대한 인간의 선호
Why do humans ____ the counterproductive instinct to favor natural products in the absence of knowledge of their benefits or their potential for harm?
The ____ likely lies in our genes.
Our species, through ____ of its evolutionary history, relied heavily upon experience to judge whether ingestion of something was beneficial (i.e., nutritional or medicinal) versus whether it was dangerous (i.e., poisonous).
We evolved the instinct to avoid ____ that made us sick and favored those that made us well.
Treating ____ with great caution provided a terrific survival advantage.
____, we trust that products of nature are safe to consume.
But those pills coming off a pharmaceutical production line look nothing like what our ____ tell us is safe to eat.
The ____ remind us of a high school chemistry lab.
Yet we are ____ to consume them.
Thus, we treat them with caution just as our distant ancestors regarded a new ____.
When in need of a remedy, we are drawn to derivatives of our food, plant products, which we ____ to be safe, and not artificial products of science.
Exercise 3 식이 보충제의 안전성 문제
Dietary supplements are not drugs. A drug is intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or ____ disease.
Before marketing, drugs must undergo extensive studies of effectiveness, ____, interactions with other substances, and dosing.
The FDA gives ____ premarket approval to a drug and monitors its safety after the drug is on the market.
If a drug is subsequently shown to be dangerous, the FDA can ____ quickly to have it removed from the market.
None of this is true for dietary ____.
The current law gives the FDA only limited authority over supplements, making it difficult for the government to remove ____ supplements from the marketplace.
The FDA does not ____ the safety and effectiveness of supplements before they hit the marketplace.
There are some legislators in Congress who want to improve the law by requiring supplement makers to put safer products on the ____ and label products more clearly.
The objective is to ensure that consumers can tell the difference between dietary supplements that are safe and those that have ____ serious side effects or drug interactions.
Exercise 4 문학 읽기의 역동성
Literature is ____ a disposable carrier of nuggets of information.
Literature (as opposed to everyday reading) invites us back again and again to ____ what it offers and to reassess its meanings.
Literature continues to communicate ____ and significance over time, and, most remarkably, to shift its meaning based on our perspective.
We ____ all had the experience of taking up a classic work of literature after several years and finding in it details and significance we missed the first (or fifth) time through.
____ has changed is not the work of literature exactly but our experiences that are now reflected in the text.
One’s perception of Shakespeare’s grand drama on aging under existential threat, King Lear, is a ____ experience read in one’s twenties than it is in one’s seventies.
This is true because reading literature, as opposed to everyday reading, requires full reader participation, activating not just our ____ processing skills but our analysis, imagination, and emotions.
These ____ over time in every person, and those changes explain how works of literature are more dynamic than everyday reading.