12강 어휘 적절성 파악
Gateway 목적을 위해 수단을 정당화하는 상황 윤리
Situational ethics ____ an ethical theory that takes into account the context of a situation or an act when judging whether it is ethical.
Supporters of this theory willingly ____ casting aside absolute moral standards.
In the absence of a universal standard or law, ____ matters is the outcome or consequences; so, the end justifies the means.
Possibly the following contrasting realities ____ help illustrate the application of situational ethics.
In a pickup game ____ basketball played among friends, everyone is expected to call his or her own fouls or acknowledge knocking the ball out-of-bounds.
Caring about one's friends and maybe getting to keep playing with the ____ leads to these actions.
But, once an organized game is played with officials, most athletes will not admit to the same ____ or violations as the end goal of winning is more important than expressing concern for competitors.
Situational ethics has been extended by many athletes and coaches to mean trying to get away with as many actions on the field or ____ as possible to gain competitive advantages.
Exercise 1 도덕적 분노로 촉발되는 징벌
Moral outrage is ____ psychological tool that motivates people to punish wrongdoers, even at cost or risk to themselves.
It is a "commitment device," something that commits people to ____ even though trying to punish someone can be dangerous.
When we witness unjust harm, whether someone ____ interpersonal violence or obvious cheating, we have an embodied physical reaction.
We get angry, our blood pressure spikes, our heart ____ faster; we thirst for retribution.
Outrage leads us to ignore the ____ of risking our own safety to punish someone.
In any single situation, there is rarely an immediate personal benefit for ____ out punishment, and often there is real risk, because the person you are serving justice against could lash out at you or get revenge in the future.
But the powerful feeling of outrage leads us ____ momentarily forget this unfavorable evaluation and get involved in a situation we would be better off avoiding, and science reveals how this feeling and forgetting is essential for maintaining a cooperative society.
Exercise 2 천연 제품에 대한 인간의 선호
Why do humans have the counterproductive instinct to favor natural products in the absence of knowledge of their benefits or their potential for ____
The answer likely lies in ____ genes.
Our species, through most of its evolutionary history, relied heavily upon experience to judge whether ingestion of something was beneficial (i.e., nutritional or medicinal) ____ whether it was dangerous (i.e., poisonous).
We evolved the instinct to avoid plants that made ____ sick and favored those that made us well.
Treating ____ with great caution provided a terrific survival advantage.
Today, we trust ____ products of nature are safe to consume.
But those pills coming off a pharmaceutical production line ____ nothing like what our instincts tell us is safe to eat.
The ingredients remind ____ of a high school chemistry lab.
____ we are expected to consume them.
Thus, we treat them with caution just as ____ distant ancestors regarded a new plant.
When in need of a remedy, we are drawn to derivatives of ____ food, plant products, which we perceive to be safe, and not artificial products of science.
Exercise 3 식이 보충제의 안전성 문제
____ supplements are not drugs. A drug is intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease.
Before marketing, drugs must undergo ____ studies of effectiveness, safety, interactions with other substances, and dosing.
The FDA gives formal ____ approval to a drug and monitors its safety after the drug is on the market.
____ a drug is subsequently shown to be dangerous, the FDA can act quickly to have it removed from the market.
None of this is true for dietary ____
The current law gives the FDA only limited authority ____ supplements, making it difficult for the government to remove unsafe supplements from the marketplace.
The FDA does not evaluate the safety and ____ of supplements before they hit the marketplace.
There are some legislators in Congress who want to improve the law by requiring ____ makers to put safer products on the shelves and label products more clearly.
The objective is to ensure that consumers can tell the difference between dietary supplements that ____ safe and those that have potentially serious side effects or drug interactions.
Exercise 4 문학 읽기의 역동성
Literature is not a disposable carrier ____ nuggets of information.
Literature (as opposed to everyday reading) invites us back again and again to re-experience what ____ offers and to reassess its meanings.
Literature continues to communicate meaning and significance over time, and, most remarkably, ____ shift its meaning based on our perspective.
We have all had the experience of taking up a classic work of literature after ____ years and finding in it details and significance we missed the first (or fifth) time through.
What has changed is ____ the work of literature exactly but our experiences that are now reflected in the text.
One’s perception ____ Shakespeare’s grand drama on aging under existential threat, King Lear, is a different experience read in one’s twenties than it is in one’s seventies.
This is true because reading literature, as opposed ____ everyday reading, requires full reader participation, activating not just our informational processing skills but our analysis, imagination, and emotions.
These change over time in every person, and those changes explain how works of literature are more dynamic than ____ reading.