12강 어휘 적절성 파악
Gateway 목적을 위해 수단을 정당화하는 상황 윤리
Situational ethics is an ethical theory that takes into account the context of a situation or an act ____ judging whether it is ethical.
Supporters of this theory willingly permit casting aside ____ moral standards.
In the absence of a ____ standard or law, what matters is the outcome or consequences; so, the end justifies the means.
____ the following contrasting realities can help illustrate the application of situational ethics.
In a pickup game of basketball played among friends, everyone is expected to ____ his or her own fouls or acknowledge knocking the ball out-of-bounds.
____ about one's friends and maybe getting to keep playing with the group leads to these actions.
But, once an organized game is played with ____, most athletes will not admit to the same fouls or violations as the end goal of winning is more important than expressing concern for competitors.
Situational ethics has been extended by many athletes and coaches to mean trying to get away with as many ____ on the field or court as possible to gain competitive advantages.
Exercise 1 도덕적 분노로 촉발되는 징벌
Moral outrage is the psychological tool that motivates people to punish wrongdoers, even at cost or risk to ____.
It is a "commitment device," ____ that commits people to punishment, even though trying to punish someone can be dangerous.
When we witness unjust harm, whether someone committing interpersonal violence or obvious cheating, we have an ____ physical reaction.
We get angry, our blood pressure ____, our heart beats faster; we thirst for retribution.
Outrage leads us to ignore the irrationality of risking our own safety to punish ____.
In any single situation, there is rarely an immediate personal benefit for ____ out punishment, and often there is real risk, because the person you are serving justice against could lash out at you or get revenge in the future.
But the powerful ____ of outrage leads us to momentarily forget this unfavorable evaluation and get involved in a situation we would be better off avoiding, and science reveals how this feeling and forgetting is essential for maintaining a cooperative society.
Exercise 2 천연 제품에 대한 인간의 선호
Why do humans have the counterproductive instinct to favor natural products in the absence of knowledge of their benefits or their ____ for harm?
The answer ____ lies in our genes.
Our species, through most of its evolutionary history, relied heavily upon experience to judge whether ingestion of something was ____ (i.e., nutritional or medicinal) versus whether it was dangerous (i.e., poisonous).
We evolved the instinct to avoid plants that made us sick and ____ those that made us well.
Treating unknowns with great caution provided a terrific survival ____.
Today, we trust that ____ of nature are safe to consume.
But those pills coming ____ a pharmaceutical production line look nothing like what our instincts tell us is safe to eat.
The ingredients remind us of a high school chemistry ____.
Yet we are expected to consume ____.
Thus, we treat them with caution just as our distant ancestors regarded a ____ plant.
When in need of a remedy, we are drawn to derivatives of our food, plant products, which we perceive to be safe, and not artificial products of ____.
Exercise 3 식이 보충제의 안전성 문제
Dietary supplements are not drugs. A drug is intended to diagnose, cure, ____, treat, or prevent disease.
____ marketing, drugs must undergo extensive studies of effectiveness, safety, interactions with other substances, and dosing.
The FDA gives formal premarket approval to a ____ and monitors its safety after the drug is on the market.
If a drug is subsequently shown to be dangerous, the FDA can act ____ to have it removed from the market.
None of this is true for dietary ____.
The current law gives the FDA only ____ authority over supplements, making it difficult for the government to remove unsafe supplements from the marketplace.
The FDA does not evaluate the safety and effectiveness of supplements before they hit the ____.
There are some legislators in Congress who want to ____ the law by requiring supplement makers to put safer products on the shelves and label products more clearly.
The objective is to ensure that consumers can tell the difference between dietary ____ that are safe and those that have potentially serious side effects or drug interactions.
Exercise 4 문학 읽기의 역동성
____ is not a disposable carrier of nuggets of information.
Literature (as opposed to everyday reading) invites us back again and again to re-experience ____ it offers and to reassess its meanings.
Literature continues to communicate meaning and significance over time, and, most remarkably, to ____ its meaning based on our perspective.
We have all had the experience of taking up a classic work of literature after several ____ and finding in it details and significance we missed the first (or fifth) time through.
What has changed is not the work of literature exactly but our experiences that are now reflected in the ____.
One’s perception of Shakespeare’s grand drama on aging under ____ threat, King Lear, is a different experience read in one’s twenties than it is in one’s seventies.
This is true because reading literature, as opposed to everyday reading, requires full reader participation, activating not just our informational processing skills but our analysis, ____, and emotions.
These change over time in ____ person, and those changes explain how works of literature are more dynamic than everyday reading.