12강 어휘 적절성 파악
Gateway 목적을 위해 수단을 정당화하는 상황 윤리
Situational ethics is an ____ theory that takes into account the context of a situation or an act when judging whether it is ethical.
Supporters of this theory willingly permit casting aside absolute moral ____
In the absence of a ____ standard or law, what matters is the outcome or consequences; so, the end justifies the means.
Possibly the ____ contrasting realities can help illustrate the application of situational ethics.
In a pickup game of basketball played among friends, everyone is expected to call his or her ____ fouls or acknowledge knocking the ball out-of-bounds.
Caring about one's friends and maybe getting to ____ playing with the group leads to these actions.
But, once an organized game ____ played with officials, most athletes will not admit to the same fouls or violations as the end goal of winning is more important than expressing concern for competitors.
Situational ethics has been extended by many athletes and coaches to mean trying to get away with as many actions on the field ____ court as possible to gain competitive advantages.
Exercise 1 도덕적 분노로 촉발되는 징벌
Moral outrage is the psychological tool that motivates people to ____ wrongdoers, even at cost or risk to themselves.
It is a "commitment device," something that commits people ____ punishment, even though trying to punish someone can be dangerous.
When we witness unjust harm, ____ someone committing interpersonal violence or obvious cheating, we have an embodied physical reaction.
We get angry, our blood pressure spikes, our heart beats ____ we thirst for retribution.
Outrage leads us to ignore ____ irrationality of risking our own safety to punish someone.
In any single situation, there ____ rarely an immediate personal benefit for meting out punishment, and often there is real risk, because the person you are serving justice against could lash out at you or get revenge in the future.
But the powerful feeling of outrage leads us to momentarily forget this unfavorable evaluation and get involved in a situation we would be better off ____ and science reveals how this feeling and forgetting is essential for maintaining a cooperative society.
Exercise 2 천연 제품에 대한 인간의 선호
Why do ____ have the counterproductive instinct to favor natural products in the absence of knowledge of their benefits or their potential for harm?
The answer likely lies in our ____
Our species, through most of its evolutionary ____ relied heavily upon experience to judge whether ingestion of something was beneficial (i.e., nutritional or medicinal) versus whether it was dangerous (i.e., poisonous).
____ evolved the instinct to avoid plants that made us sick and favored those that made us well.
Treating unknowns with great caution provided a terrific ____ advantage.
Today, we trust that products of nature are safe to ____
But those pills coming off a pharmaceutical production line look nothing like what our instincts tell ____ is safe to eat.
The ingredients remind us of a high school chemistry ____
Yet we are ____ to consume them.
Thus, we treat them ____ caution just as our distant ancestors regarded a new plant.
When in need of a remedy, we are drawn to derivatives of our food, plant products, ____ we perceive to be safe, and not artificial products of science.
Exercise 3 식이 보충제의 안전성 문제
Dietary supplements are not drugs. A drug is intended to diagnose, cure, ____ treat, or prevent disease.
Before marketing, drugs ____ undergo extensive studies of effectiveness, safety, interactions with other substances, and dosing.
The FDA gives formal premarket approval to a drug and monitors its safety after the drug is on ____ market.
If a drug is subsequently shown to be dangerous, the FDA can act quickly to have it removed from ____ market.
None of this is ____ for dietary supplements.
The current law gives the FDA only limited authority over supplements, making it difficult for the government ____ remove unsafe supplements from the marketplace.
The FDA does not evaluate the ____ and effectiveness of supplements before they hit the marketplace.
There are some legislators in Congress who ____ to improve the law by requiring supplement makers to put safer products on the shelves and label products more clearly.
____ objective is to ensure that consumers can tell the difference between dietary supplements that are safe and those that have potentially serious side effects or drug interactions.
Exercise 4 문학 읽기의 역동성
Literature is not a disposable ____ of nuggets of information.
Literature (as opposed to everyday reading) invites us back again and again to re-experience what it ____ and to reassess its meanings.
Literature continues to communicate meaning and significance over time, and, most remarkably, to shift its meaning based ____ our perspective.
We have all had the experience of taking up a classic work of literature after several years and finding in it details and significance ____ missed the first (or fifth) time through.
What has changed is not the work of literature exactly ____ our experiences that are now reflected in the text.
____ perception of Shakespeare’s grand drama on aging under existential threat, King Lear, is a different experience read in one’s twenties than it is in one’s seventies.
This is true because reading literature, as opposed to everyday reading, requires full reader participation, ____ not just our informational processing skills but our analysis, imagination, and emotions.
These ____ over time in every person, and those changes explain how works of literature are more dynamic than everyday reading.