25강 교육, 학교, 진로
Gateway 토론에서 메모의 중요성
The purpose of class discussions is to encourage you to be an active participant, ____ a passive recorder.
Much of the emphasis in a discussion is ____ getting students involved in thinking, reacting, and responding.
These are important intellectual activities in the ____ process, for through them you are supposed to discover and express your opinions.
Writing is ____ invaluable tool for accomplishing these tasks.
Unfortunately, ____ many times, when class discussion begins, pens and pencils go down.
Admittedly, it is considerably more difficult to take notes from discussions than from lectures, for, unlike lectures, discussions tend to be disorganized and difficult to ____
Also, students usually don't know how much of ____ other students are saying is important.
____ if you are an active participant, it is not easy to take notes and formulate what you want to say.
But note taking in discussions is not only manageable, it is ____ important.
Note taking helps to keep you active and alert; it allows you to impose some organization on the discussion; and it can prepare you ____ speak.
Exercise 1 좋은 교육의 요건
Teaching reflects what society itself demands; it necessitates that disorder — of students and teachers alike, of ____ behavior, and environment — yield to the opposite.
Effective teaching requires that, failing their own self-imposed order, students experience ____ imposition of some outer order so that inner order may develop.
This means in practice, for instance, that the goals of classes and courses be clearly set, that they be explained and justified, that the manner of achieving them be clear, that the presentation of ____ conducive to reaching them be appropriate, and that all activities be directed somehow to their attainment.
It means, too, that students take up their own obligation to maintain the conditions under which learning occurs: quiet in their classrooms, respect ____ and courtesy toward others, civility of language and behavior, and the like.
Above all, it implies structured industry — study and activity that are oriented toward a goal and pursued with ____ and method.
That is, good teaching requires that teachers and students subject themselves to ____ and internal control so that learning can take place.
Exercise 2 언어가 뇌에 미치는 영향
When we lecture, scold, yell, or criticize, when we say something positive but in a sarcastic tone, or when we try to make our kids feel guilty, it activates their amygdala, triggering their stress response ____ putting them into a defensive, rigid, reactive state.
Even more basic, when we say no or don't, it releases stress chemicals in ____ kids' brains (and in ours) that are associated with fear and anger.
Functional brain imaging research has shown that even seeing the word no on a screen for less than a second while ____ lying in an MRI scanner will cause your brain to suddenly release dozens of stress-producing hormones and neurotransmitters.
Conversely, positive words like ____ love, and peace activate systems in the prefrontal cortex that are related to emotional regulation.
The problem is that negative words like no and don't have a more ____ effect on kids than positive words.
For this reason, the researchers Suniya Luthar and John Gottman say that "bad is stronger than good" when it comes to communicating with children ____ teens.
Exercise 3 기술 습득 과정에서 인지 시스템의 상호 작용
The experiences of learning to ride a bicycle or ____ a car illustrate well how the "what" and "how" systems — those involved in object identification and practical action — might interact during development.
When we learn ____ drive a car, we go through a first stage where each required action and sequence of actions — such as looking in the mirror, signaling with the blinker, pressing the clutch prior to shifting into gear, and so forth — are explicitly thought of and double-checked while monitoring our situation in the environment.
Once learned and after a few hours of practice, the required actions for driving become second nature, transferable to almost any vehicle and performed ____ explicit thinking.
Information appears to be perceived directly; the affordances of the road, ____ car, and the traffic implicitly detected.
Actually, this sort of automatization of conscious learning can be jeopardized by ____ return of explicit awareness.
If you start to think too much about your driving, you actually increase your chances of having ____ accident.
People in sport competitions confirm that self-consciousness is one's worst enemy: tennis, ____ or billiard players commonly report that they lose their "touch" by thinking too much about their moves.