25강 교육, 학교, 진로
Gateway 토론에서 메모의 중요성
The purpose of class discussions is to encourage you to be an active participant, not a ____ recorder.
Much of ____ emphasis in a discussion is on getting students involved in thinking, reacting, and responding.
These are important intellectual activities in the learning process, ____ through them you are supposed to discover and express your opinions.
Writing is an invaluable tool for accomplishing these ____
Unfortunately, too many times, when ____ discussion begins, pens and pencils go down.
Admittedly, it is considerably more difficult to take notes from discussions than from lectures, for, unlike lectures, discussions tend ____ be disorganized and difficult to follow.
Also, students usually don't know how much of what other students are saying ____ important.
And if you are an active participant, it is not easy to take notes and formulate what you want ____ say.
But note taking ____ discussions is not only manageable, it is also important.
Note taking helps to keep you active and alert; it allows you to impose some organization on the discussion; and it can prepare you to ____
Exercise 1 좋은 교육의 요건
Teaching reflects what society itself demands; it necessitates that disorder — of students and teachers alike, of mind, behavior, and environment — yield to the ____
Effective teaching requires that, failing their ____ self-imposed order, students experience the imposition of some outer order so that inner order may develop.
This means in practice, for instance, that the goals of classes and courses be clearly set, that they be explained and justified, that the manner of achieving them be clear, that the presentation of materials conducive to reaching them be appropriate, and that all activities be ____ somehow to their attainment.
It means, too, that students take up their own obligation ____ maintain the conditions under which learning occurs: quiet in their classrooms, respect for and courtesy toward others, civility of language and behavior, and the like.
Above all, it implies structured industry — study and activity that are ____ toward a goal and pursued with perseverance and method.
That is, good teaching requires that teachers and students subject themselves to external and internal control so that learning can take ____
Exercise 2 언어가 뇌에 미치는 영향
When we lecture, scold, yell, or criticize, when we say something positive but in a sarcastic tone, or ____ we try to make our kids feel guilty, it activates their amygdala, triggering their stress response and putting them into a defensive, rigid, reactive state.
Even more basic, when we say no or don't, it releases stress chemicals in our kids' brains (and in ours) that are associated with fear and ____
Functional brain imaging research has shown that even seeing the ____ no on a screen for less than a second while you're lying in an MRI scanner will cause your brain to suddenly release dozens of stress-producing hormones and neurotransmitters.
Conversely, positive words like yes, love, and ____ activate systems in the prefrontal cortex that are related to emotional regulation.
The problem is that negative words like no ____ don't have a more powerful effect on kids than positive words.
For this ____ the researchers Suniya Luthar and John Gottman say that "bad is stronger than good" when it comes to communicating with children and teens.
Exercise 3 기술 습득 과정에서 인지 시스템의 상호 작용
The experiences of learning to ride a bicycle or drive a car illustrate well how the "what" and "how" systems — those ____ in object identification and practical action — might interact during development.
When we learn to drive a car, we go through a first stage where each required action and sequence of actions — such as looking in the mirror, signaling with the blinker, pressing the clutch prior to ____ into gear, and so forth — are explicitly thought of and double-checked while monitoring our situation in the environment.
Once learned and after a few hours of ____ the required actions for driving become second nature, transferable to almost any vehicle and performed without explicit thinking.
Information appears to be perceived directly; ____ affordances of the road, the car, and the traffic implicitly detected.
Actually, ____ sort of automatization of conscious learning can be jeopardized by the return of explicit awareness.
If you start to think too much about ____ driving, you actually increase your chances of having an accident.
People in sport competitions ____ that self-consciousness is one's worst enemy: tennis, golf, or billiard players commonly report that they lose their "touch" by thinking too much about their moves.