21강 철학, 종교, 역사, 풍습, 지리
Exercise 1 인간 – 환경 역학과 장소
Perhaps nothing has revolutionized the study of human-environment ____ more than the development of spatially explicit methods for collecting and analyzing data.
Just a few decades ago, most natural and social ____ collected their data without precise spatial referents.
References ____ made to watersheds, to communities, to villages, to cities, to proximity to rivers, and so on.
In some cases (in anthropology mostly), there was even the custom of changing ____ name of the community and even its location, "to protect the informants."
While confidentiality remains an important ____ when working with human subjects, the extreme to which this was done was largely unjustified.
Everyone knew more or less where these studied communities were, and anyone interested could ____ found out.
Be that as it may, there was ____ little interest, except in geography, to precisely locate a study area on a map with coordinates.
Geography persisted, and finally convinced the rest of us, that place was fundamentally important ____ understand human-environment dynamics.
Exercise 2 René Descartes의 회의와 확신
The idea that our senses may be ____ us was taken up by the French philosopher and mathematician René Descartes.
He ____ that sometimes our senses give us a false impression ― a straight stick in a glass of water appears to be bent, for example.
And if we know that they can be unreliable, it would be wrong to trust ____ completely ― everything that we experience with our senses might be false.
It might even be that we are asleep, and that the world we are experiencing is no more than a dream, or that God or some mischievous power is making us believe things that are ____ really true.
If that is the case, though, we can never ____ anything for sure.
But Descartes then showed that there was one thing he could be sure of: In order to be deceived, he must exist, ____ exist as a thing that thinks.
So, ____ his senses could not be trusted, he could be sure he existed as something that was capable of thinking and reasoning.
Exercise 3 Ache 부족의 굶주림에 대비한 방책
Hunters in the Ache tribe, living in the Paraguayan jungle, have a lot of ups and downs in ____ success at the hunt.
Some days they bring home much more food than they could possibly eat; ____ days they come home empty-handed.
If a man caught a wild pig and hoarded it for himself and his family, much of it would go to waste (there are ____ deep-freeze refrigerators in the Paraguayan jungle).
During unlucky periods, individual hunters and their families ____ starve.
Instead of living by a philosophy of "rugged individualism," however, hunters who have a ____ day share their meat with other families.
And they don't just share a little; they share ____ lot ― fully 90%.
In exchange for this generosity, their neighbors share with them on days when the luck ____ the other way.
By exchanging resources, particularly those that are unpredictable and uncertain (like meat from the hunt, as opposed to vegetable ____ the group provides a mutual insurance policy against starvation.