19강 장문 독해 (1)
Gateway 복식사 이해를 위한 증거로서의 시각 자료
There is an obvious problem with the history of dress in all of its displays and that is, although textiles survive from early periods and cultures of recorded history, actual garments do not provide an ____ flow of evidence across the same long time-span.
____, to give the study of dress equal significance to other areas such as architecture, painting, prints, drawings and sculpture, it was inevitable that these other areas would provide much of the source material.
The history of surviving dress really only starts in the 17th century, and like all artefacts described as ____ or decorative art, is a highly visual subject.
However, unlike most of the categories of ____ and study that make up those areas, it is fluid rather than static.
Garments should be seen in movement on a human body, not frozen on a display ____.
This is one of the many difficulties when curating collections of costume and also why ____ modern writers find costume collections physically and intellectually lifeless.
Fortunately, in the period after ____, when more items of dress survive to enrich our understanding of the history of the subject, there are also many painted, printed, photographed and filmed sources of evidence of people in clothing, caught in movement.
Often a variety of different types of illustrative examples will provide evidence about how a garment was ____ within the period in which it was made.
Without the ____ contained in art in all of its forms, from drawing to sculpture, it is likely that displays of historic dress would be awkward imitations of the intentions of their original makers and owners.
Exercises 1-2 18세기 여성 드레스의 개조
____ dresses from the eighteenth century offered a great opportunity for repurposing, as they were frequently fashioned from long, uncut lengths of fabric.
Textiles were significantly more costly than the labor it ____ to alter them, and as a result, most garments were modified numerous times to keep up with changes in fashion.
"Even the wealthy saved fabrics, remodeled clothes, and sold unwanted items in the secondhand market," ____ fashion scholar Linda Welters.
"Sustainability was a way of ____."
Indeed, although change is ____ to fashion, the remodeling of the existing clothing, rather than buying new, was a widespread practice.
It is rare, in fact, to ____ an eighteenth-century dress that does not show some sign of alteration.
The cost of having a gown made, or remade, was only about half the ____ of the textile itself and could be significantly less, depending on the type of fabric.
In addition to updated dress silhouettes, accessories and trimmings played an important role in refreshing ____ clothing styles.
For example, the addition of a row of ____ on an upper part of a gown was an economical alternative to the full replacement of the gown.
Many ____ dresses, particularly those from the first half of the century, were constructed with relatively crude stitches, indicating that the effortless deconstruction of the original gown was a consideration.
Because fabrics retained value even when they were not in fashion, hand-woven silks, cherished for their quality and beauty, were sometimes passed ____ through generations.
Exercises 3-4 뉴미디어 시대 뉴스의 명암
The rise of internet-based technologies means that news is produced, distributed, and consumed faster than ever ____.
However, the reliability of this news is ____.
Not all organizations or individuals putting ____ information spend time checking the details or putting the facts into a wider context.
People are confronted with overwhelming ____ of information not just on a daily basis, but via minute-by-minute updates transmitted to audiences around the globe.
More than ever before, people are involved in organizing and managing the amount and type of ____ they receive.
The internet means that irrespective of where we are in the world or what time of the day it is, news can be accessed from broadcasters ____ anywhere on the planet.
As "new media" such as mobile phones, computers, and other portable devices have become more affordable, compact, and embedded in everyday life, they have come to ____ television and newspapers.
For younger ____, advances in technology form part of the world they were born into.
But the ease of use and affordability of new ____ means that they are an integral feature of the lives of people of all ages.
For US sociologist ____ Hindman, technological advances have made news more "democratic," meaning that now people of all ages and from all social backgrounds can access it.
Others fear that new media poses a ____.
Information on the internet is often unregulated, so while it is more accessible than ever ____, its reliability is difficult to discern.
Exercises 5-6 근무 시간으로 본 근로 조건의 양극화
Since the ____, a combination of forces has made the problem of overwork more widespread.
The service sectors in Western economies have grown dramatically ____ employment in manufacturing has declined.
The shrinking of labor unions and workplace protections has let employers push for longer hours while global ____, decreased job security, and flat wages have forced workers to work harder to stay in place.
Corporations now shed staff in the course of restructuring and "process ____," forcing surviving workers to carry heavier workloads.
The 2008 recession and recovery has solidified a pattern in which companies seek to grow by increasing ____ on existing workers rather than hiring new ones.
A few industries have turned into fast-moving, winner-take-all contests: small numbers of people stand to make immense fortunes when their tech company goes public, their ____ fund investment pays off, or their song goes viral and since no one knows how long they have until fashions change, technology evolves, or the bubble bursts, it makes sense to go all-in right now.
As a result, many of us are actually working longer ____.
Working hours generally decline with increased productivity, but in the 1970s, increased productivity stopped yielding shorter working hours, despite the ____ of generations of economists.
Working hours started to rise in the United States in the 1980s, especially among salaried workers and professionals like doctors, lawyers, bankers, and academics; in contrast, working hours (and full-time jobs and salaries) in less skilled, hourly ____ began to fall.
Since then, this split has spread to other parts of the world: today, well-off, well-educated people in Western Europe, Australia, and South Korea are also more likely to be overworked, while more ____ people struggle to find stable jobs and face chronic underemployment.
Exercises 7-8 국제 분쟁에 관한 두 가지 관점
Political psychologist Philip Tetlock examined the speeches made by policymakers involved in international ____.
He noted that, in making important decisions, national leaders often fall back on overly simplified images of the ____.
During the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, for example, two very simple images of the ____ were dominant.
One of these was the deterrence view ― that any sign of weakness would be taken advantage of by the opponent and that leaders needed to ____ their willingness to use military force.
From a deterrence perspective, some demonstration of aggressiveness is ____ necessary as a preventive measure to stop the other side from aggressing against one's group.
People who hold a deterrence view that demonstrations of weakness would be taken advantage of ― are less likely to support nuclear ____.
The other prominent view was a conflict spiral view, which presumed that every escalation of international ____ leads the opponent to feel more threatened and that leaders need to demonstrate peaceful intentions in order to reduce the opponent's own defensive hostilities.
Tetlock noted that each of these cognitive frames was correct in ____ circumstances and incorrect in others.
Against an opponent such as Hitler, a ____ viewpoint might have been more effective than a view that led to conciliation.
On the other hand, international policy experts estimate that the U.S. invasion of Iraq, ____ by President G. W. Bush to be the centerpiece of the war on terror, seems to have spurred increases in the membership of Al-Qaeda (the group responsible for the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001).