18강 문단 요약
Gateway 현대 사회에서의 공연 예술
In modern societies, the ____ arts form a distinct category of public entertainment in opposition to the mass distribution through the media of expertly staged performances which have been recorded and edited.
By contrast, theater, ballet, circus, concert, rodeo, ____, etc., unfold their signs in real space and time, and engage audiences who respond cognitively and emotionally on the spot.
Performers and audiences are involved in shared ____.
But sometimes frustration occurs within the ____ of such ritualistic events.
In industrialized and computerized cultures, the performing arts become economically ____ because the institutions which sustain them increasingly depend on public and corporate funding.
However, they retain their power of fascination for large, if not ____ audiences, who prize the experiential, risk-loaded and one-time event quality they afford.
In traditional and local cultures, performances still survive and provide their audiences with a unique fulfillment in smaller ____, economically sustainable institutional settings.
In a situation of financial challenges due to reliance on external funding, the performing arts, which provide unique and live experiences, secure audiences ____ value those experiences.
Exercise 1 트랙터가 보존된 이유
There are estimated to be more than 160,000 farms spread across ____ Ireland and the Republic of Ireland combined.
On all of those farms, you will find barns, and in some of those barns, you might be fortunate enough to stumble ____ a classic tractor like the Massey Ferguson 35.
Production of the Massey Ferguson 35 in the UK and the USA ____ in 1964.
If you were to strike up a conversation with a farmer who still owns one, she might well give the chassis of her Massey Ferguson 35 an affectionate tap and nostalgically remark, 'They don't make 'em like that ____.'
The fact that the tractor has survived at least fifty-eight years seems to provide ____ of its superior build quality.
But wait ― how long ____ the other 388,381 Massey Ferguson 35 tractors produced between 1956 and 1964 last before they went for scrap?
Rather ____ build quality, it might well be the fondness that people in Ireland have for the little red tractor (Harry Ferguson, who developed it, was born in Ireland) that has led farmers there to hold on to their Massey Fergusons and take care of them as well as they have.
While the long-standing presence of the Massey Ferguson 35 on Irish farms may seem to reflect its durability, it might instead be due to the strong affection that farmers have for the ____.
Exercise 2 위기 상황에서 위기의 유형과 세대에 따른 미디어 선택
During crises that present immediate ____ (e.g., natural disasters, acts of violence or terrorism, transportation crises), people seek trusted and verified sources to ease their immediate concerns, thus turning to traditional sources such as television and radio.
For other crisis types, such as public health and political crises, however, people are more likely to turn to social media where they can seek multiple voices and a variety of expert opinions, as, unlike the ____ set of crises, public health and political crises may be more subjective and less straightforward, and thus necessitate a deeper dive into supplementary information and evidence.
In addition to the type of crisis at hand, Liu, a communication scholar, and colleagues argued that traditional and social media have different effects on different audiences regarding the motivation to follow instructions and recommended behaviors during ____.
For example, although younger audiences seem to favor social media to ____ media sources during times of crisis, older audiences indicate a preference for traditional media.
Thus, both traditional and social media play a prominent role in delivering important ____ information to the public during crises.
While people select traditional media for urgent crises and social media for complex or subjective issues, generational factors also influence how different population groups approach these media ____ during emergencies.
Exercise 3 초점이 초래하는 효과
Focal points are the little ____ that make a big difference ― the difference between reaching one equilibrium and reaching another.
If a local soccer team comes to practice near the playground of the park ____ Saturday morning or a group of stay-at-home parents arranges a regular trip at 3 P.M. on a Wednesday afternoon, that can create a focal point around which others coordinate.
With the team at practice, the park will feel safe from ____ and there will be something to look at, so families will come along to use the park.
Other families will come because the first families will be there; after the soccer season is over and the team no longer ____ to practice, Saturday mornings can still be lively at the playground simply because everybody expects that they will be.
A lively park playground can be created by a ____ practice that doesn't even take place any longer: That is an indication of how whimsically unpredictable these multiple equilibria can be.
____ while the outcome is whimsical, the causes are rational.
Focal points, such as a local soccer team's regular practice, ____ self-sustaining patterns of activity in public spaces through rational coordination, even when the outcomes may appear unforeseeable.
Exercise 4 영화 속에서 그려지는 과거와 그것에 대한 현대적 해석
As the set of cultural norms and categories taken for granted at any particular time, the present is ____ more or less invisible to those who participate in it.
It is the unthought background of their ____ and action, like water to a fish, or air to a dove.
In films, this background can sometimes become visible as a bygone present in a film that is not ____ historically but culturally dated.
In the culturally dated film, attitudes and ways of behaving that have altered over time and which now appear as quaint, strange, 'incorrect' or problematic, are taken for granted by the characters in the film, and go unquestioned or are ____ happily endorsed in the film's narrative.
The present is also visible in contemporary ____ dramas that 'read the past in terms of the present', anachronistically importing modern attitudes into the past they portray.
This is something that is doubly evident in ____ historical films that read the past in terms of their present, where the anachronisms are themselves reflective of a bygone present.
Historically and culturally dated films portray period-specific attitudes and behaviors and reveal the contrast between then and now, and thus our ____ of the present is visualized.