18강 문단 요약
Gateway 현대 사회에서의 공연 예술
In modern societies, the performing ____ form a distinct category of public entertainment in opposition to the mass distribution through the media of expertly staged performances which have been recorded and edited.
By contrast, theater, ballet, circus, concert, rodeo, storytelling, ____ unfold their signs in real space and time, and engage audiences who respond cognitively and emotionally on the spot.
Performers and audiences are involved in ____ enjoyment.
But ____ frustration occurs within the boundaries of such ritualistic events.
In industrialized and computerized cultures, ____ performing arts become economically unstable because the institutions which sustain them increasingly depend on public and corporate funding.
However, they retain ____ power of fascination for large, if not massive audiences, who prize the experiential, risk-loaded and one-time event quality they afford.
In traditional ____ local cultures, performances still survive and provide their audiences with a unique fulfillment in smaller scale, economically sustainable institutional settings.
In a situation of financial challenges due to reliance on external funding, the performing arts, ____ provide unique and live experiences, secure audiences who value those experiences.
Exercise 1 트랙터가 보존된 이유
There are estimated to be more than 160,000 farms spread across Northern Ireland and the Republic of ____ combined.
On all of those farms, you will find barns, and in some of those barns, you might be fortunate enough to stumble ____ a classic tractor like the Massey Ferguson 35.
Production of the Massey Ferguson 35 in the UK and ____ USA stopped in 1964.
If you were to strike up a conversation with a farmer who still owns one, she might well give the chassis of her Massey Ferguson ____ an affectionate tap and nostalgically remark, 'They don't make 'em like that anymore.'
The fact that ____ tractor has survived at least fifty-eight years seems to provide evidence of its superior build quality.
But wait ― how long did the other 388,381 Massey Ferguson 35 tractors ____ between 1956 and 1964 last before they went for scrap?
Rather than build quality, it might well be the fondness that people in Ireland have for the little red tractor (Harry Ferguson, who developed it, was born in Ireland) that ____ led farmers there to hold on to their Massey Fergusons and take care of them as well as they have.
While the long-standing presence of the Massey Ferguson ____ on Irish farms may seem to reflect its durability, it might instead be due to the strong affection that farmers have for the tractor.
Exercise 2 위기 상황에서 위기의 유형과 세대에 따른 미디어 선택
During crises that present immediate danger (e.g., natural disasters, acts of violence or terrorism, transportation crises), people seek trusted and verified sources to ease their ____ concerns, thus turning to traditional sources such as television and radio.
For other crisis types, such as public health and political crises, however, people are more likely to turn to social media where they can seek multiple voices and a variety of expert opinions, as, unlike the first ____ of crises, public health and political crises may be more subjective and less straightforward, and thus necessitate a deeper dive into supplementary information and evidence.
In addition to the type of crisis at hand, Liu, a communication scholar, and colleagues argued that traditional and social media have different effects on different audiences regarding ____ motivation to follow instructions and recommended behaviors during crises.
For example, although younger audiences seem to favor social media to traditional media sources during times of crisis, older audiences indicate a ____ for traditional media.
Thus, both traditional and social media play a prominent role in ____ important scientific information to the public during crises.
While people select traditional media for urgent crises and ____ media for complex or subjective issues, generational factors also influence how different population groups approach these media choices during emergencies.
Exercise 3 초점이 초래하는 효과
Focal points are the little things that make a big difference ____ the difference between reaching one equilibrium and reaching another.
If a local soccer team comes to practice near the playground of the park every Saturday morning or a group of stay-at-home parents arranges a regular trip at 3 P.M. on a Wednesday ____ that can create a focal point around which others coordinate.
With the team at practice, the park will feel safe from ____ and there will be something to look at, so families will come along to use the park.
Other families will come because the first families will be there; after the soccer season is over and the team no longer comes to practice, Saturday mornings can still be lively ____ the playground simply because everybody expects that they will be.
A lively park playground can be created by a soccer practice that doesn't even take ____ any longer: That is an indication of how whimsically unpredictable these multiple equilibria can be.
Yet while the outcome is whimsical, the causes ____ rational.
Focal points, such as a local soccer team's regular practice, foster self-sustaining patterns of activity in public ____ through rational coordination, even when the outcomes may appear unforeseeable.
Exercise 4 영화 속에서 그려지는 과거와 그것에 대한 현대적 해석
As the set of cultural norms and categories taken for granted at any particular time, the present is normally ____ or less invisible to those who participate in it.
____ is the unthought background of their thought and action, like water to a fish, or air to a dove.
In films, this background can sometimes become visible as a bygone present in a film that is ____ just historically but culturally dated.
In the culturally dated film, attitudes and ways of behaving that have altered over time and which now appear as quaint, strange, 'incorrect' or problematic, are taken for granted ____ the characters in the film, and go unquestioned or are even happily endorsed in the film's narrative.
The present is also visible in contemporary historical dramas that 'read the past in terms of the present', anachronistically importing modern attitudes into ____ past they portray.
This is something that is doubly evident in dated historical films that read the past in ____ of their present, where the anachronisms are themselves reflective of a bygone present.
Historically ____ culturally dated films portray period-specific attitudes and behaviors and reveal the contrast between then and now, and thus our perception of the present is visualized.