19강 장문 독해 (1)
Gateway 복식사 이해를 위한 증거로서의 시각 자료
There is an obvious problem with the history of dress in all of its displays ____ that is, although textiles survive from early periods and cultures of recorded history, actual garments do not provide an uninterrupted flow of evidence across the same long time-span.
Therefore, to give the study of dress equal significance to other areas such as architecture, painting, prints, drawings and sculpture, it was inevitable that these other areas would provide ____ of the source material.
The history of surviving ____ really only starts in the 17th century, and like all artefacts described as fine or decorative art, is a highly visual subject.
However, unlike most ____ the categories of collection and study that make up those areas, it is fluid rather than static.
Garments should be seen in movement on a human body, not frozen ____ a display figure.
This is one of ____ many difficulties when curating collections of costume and also why some modern writers find costume collections physically and intellectually lifeless.
Fortunately, in the period after 1660, when more ____ of dress survive to enrich our understanding of the history of the subject, there are also many painted, printed, photographed and filmed sources of evidence of people in clothing, caught in movement.
Often a variety of different types of illustrative examples will provide ____ about how a garment was worn within the period in which it was made.
Without the information contained in art in all of its forms, from drawing to sculpture, it is ____ that displays of historic dress would be awkward imitations of the intentions of their original makers and owners.
Exercises 1-2 18세기 여성 드레스의 개조
Women's dresses from the eighteenth century offered a great opportunity for repurposing, as they were frequently fashioned from long, uncut lengths of ____
Textiles were significantly more costly than the labor it took to alter them, and as a result, most garments were ____ numerous times to keep up with changes in fashion.
"Even the wealthy saved fabrics, remodeled clothes, and sold unwanted items in the secondhand market," ____ fashion scholar Linda Welters.
"Sustainability was ____ way of life."
Indeed, although change is inherent to fashion, the remodeling of the existing clothing, rather than buying new, was a ____ practice.
It is ____ in fact, to find an eighteenth-century dress that does not show some sign of alteration.
The cost of having a gown made, or remade, was only about half the cost of the textile itself ____ could be significantly less, depending on the type of fabric.
In addition to updated dress silhouettes, accessories and trimmings played an ____ role in refreshing old clothing styles.
For example, the addition of a row of lace on an upper ____ of a gown was an economical alternative to the full replacement of the gown.
Many eighteenth-century dresses, particularly those from the first half of the century, were constructed with relatively crude stitches, indicating that the effortless deconstruction ____ the original gown was a consideration.
Because fabrics retained value even when they were not in fashion, hand-woven silks, cherished for their quality and ____ were sometimes passed down through generations.
Exercises 3-4 뉴미디어 시대 뉴스의 명암
The rise of internet-based technologies means that news is produced, distributed, and ____ faster than ever before.
However, the reliability of this ____ is questionable.
Not all organizations or individuals putting out ____ spend time checking the details or putting the facts into a wider context.
____ are confronted with overwhelming amounts of information not just on a daily basis, but via minute-by-minute updates transmitted to audiences around the globe.
More than ever before, people are involved in organizing and managing the amount and type of ____ they receive.
The internet means that irrespective of where we are in the world or what time of the day it is, news can be accessed from broadcasters located anywhere on the ____
As "new media" ____ as mobile phones, computers, and other portable devices have become more affordable, compact, and embedded in everyday life, they have come to replace television and newspapers.
For younger people, advances in technology form part of ____ world they were born into.
But the ease of use and affordability of new media means that they are an integral feature of the lives ____ people of all ages.
For US sociologist Matthew Hindman, technological ____ have made news more "democratic," meaning that now people of all ages and from all social backgrounds can access it.
Others fear that ____ media poses a threat.
Information on ____ internet is often unregulated, so while it is more accessible than ever before, its reliability is difficult to discern.
Exercises 5-6 근무 시간으로 본 근로 조건의 양극화
____ the 1970s, a combination of forces has made the problem of overwork more widespread.
____ service sectors in Western economies have grown dramatically while employment in manufacturing has declined.
The shrinking of labor unions and workplace protections has let employers push ____ longer hours while global competition, decreased job security, and flat wages have forced workers to work harder to stay in place.
Corporations now shed staff in the course of restructuring and "process ____ forcing surviving workers to carry heavier workloads.
The 2008 recession and recovery has solidified a pattern in which companies seek to grow by increasing demands on existing workers rather than hiring new ____
A few industries have turned into fast-moving, winner-take-all contests: small numbers of people stand to make immense fortunes when their tech company goes public, their ____ fund investment pays off, or their song goes viral and since no one knows how long they have until fashions change, technology evolves, or the bubble bursts, it makes sense to go all-in right now.
As a result, many ____ us are actually working longer hours.
Working hours generally decline with increased productivity, but in the 1970s, increased productivity stopped yielding shorter working hours, ____ the expectations of generations of economists.
Working hours started to rise in the United States in the 1980s, especially among salaried workers and professionals like doctors, lawyers, ____ and academics; in contrast, working hours (and full-time jobs and salaries) in less skilled, hourly professions began to fall.
Since then, ____ split has spread to other parts of the world: today, well-off, well-educated people in Western Europe, Australia, and South Korea are also more likely to be overworked, while more poor people struggle to find stable jobs and face chronic underemployment.
Exercises 7-8 국제 분쟁에 관한 두 가지 관점
Political psychologist Philip Tetlock examined the speeches made by policymakers involved in international ____
He noted ____ in making important decisions, national leaders often fall back on overly simplified images of the world.
During the ____ War between the United States and the Soviet Union, for example, two very simple images of the conflict were dominant.
One of these was the deterrence view ― that any sign of weakness would be taken advantage of by the ____ and that leaders needed to show their willingness to use military force.
From a deterrence perspective, some demonstration of aggressiveness is ____ necessary as a preventive measure to stop the other side from aggressing against one's group.
People ____ hold a deterrence view that demonstrations of weakness would be taken advantage of ― are less likely to support nuclear disarmament.
The other prominent view was a conflict spiral view, which presumed that every escalation of international threat leads the opponent to feel more threatened and ____ leaders need to demonstrate peaceful intentions in order to reduce the opponent's own defensive hostilities.
Tetlock noted that each of these cognitive frames was correct in some circumstances ____ incorrect in others.
____ an opponent such as Hitler, a deterrence viewpoint might have been more effective than a view that led to conciliation.
On the other hand, international policy experts estimate that the U.S. invasion of Iraq, argued by President G. W. Bush to be the centerpiece of the war on terror, seems to have spurred increases in the membership of Al-Qaeda (the group ____ for the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001).