25강 교육, 학교, 진로
Gateway 토론에서 메모의 중요성
The purpose of class discussions is to encourage ____ to be an active participant, not a passive recorder.
Much of the emphasis in a ____ is on getting students involved in thinking, reacting, and responding.
These are important intellectual activities in the learning process, for through them you are supposed to discover and express your ____.
Writing is an invaluable tool for ____ these tasks.
Unfortunately, too many times, when class discussion begins, ____ and pencils go down.
Admittedly, it is considerably more ____ to take notes from discussions than from lectures, for, unlike lectures, discussions tend to be disorganized and difficult to follow.
Also, students usually don't know how much of what other students are ____ is important.
And if you are an active participant, it is not ____ to take notes and formulate what you want to say.
But note taking in discussions is ____ only manageable, it is also important.
Note taking helps to keep you active and alert; it allows you to impose some ____ on the discussion; and it can prepare you to speak.
Exercise 1 좋은 교육의 요건
Teaching reflects what society itself demands; it necessitates that disorder — of students and teachers alike, of mind, behavior, and environment — yield to the ____.
____ teaching requires that, failing their own self-imposed order, students experience the imposition of some outer order so that inner order may develop.
This means in practice, for instance, that the goals of classes and courses be clearly set, that they be explained and justified, that the manner of achieving them be clear, that the presentation of materials conducive to reaching them be appropriate, and that all activities be directed somehow to their ____.
It means, too, that students take up their own obligation to maintain the conditions under which learning occurs: quiet in their classrooms, respect for and courtesy toward others, civility of language and behavior, and the ____.
Above all, it implies structured industry — study and activity that are oriented ____ a goal and pursued with perseverance and method.
That is, good teaching requires that teachers and students subject ____ to external and internal control so that learning can take place.
Exercise 2 언어가 뇌에 미치는 영향
When we lecture, scold, yell, or criticize, when we say something positive but in a sarcastic tone, or when we try to make our kids feel guilty, it activates their ____, triggering their stress response and putting them into a defensive, rigid, reactive state.
Even more basic, when we say no or don't, it releases stress chemicals in our kids' ____ (and in ours) that are associated with fear and anger.
Functional brain imaging research has shown that even seeing the word no on a screen for less than a second while you're lying in an MRI scanner will cause your ____ to suddenly release dozens of stress-producing hormones and neurotransmitters.
Conversely, positive words like ____, love, and peace activate systems in the prefrontal cortex that are related to emotional regulation.
The problem is that negative words ____ no and don't have a more powerful effect on kids than positive words.
For this reason, the researchers Suniya Luthar and ____ Gottman say that "bad is stronger than good" when it comes to communicating with children and teens.
Exercise 3 기술 습득 과정에서 인지 시스템의 상호 작용
The experiences of learning to ride a bicycle or drive a car illustrate well how the "what" and "how" systems — those involved in object ____ and practical action — might interact during development.
When we learn to drive a car, we go through a first stage where each required action and sequence of actions — such as looking in the ____, signaling with the blinker, pressing the clutch prior to shifting into gear, and so forth — are explicitly thought of and double-checked while monitoring our situation in the environment.
Once ____ and after a few hours of practice, the required actions for driving become second nature, transferable to almost any vehicle and performed without explicit thinking.
Information appears to be perceived directly; the affordances of the ____, the car, and the traffic implicitly detected.
Actually, this sort of automatization of conscious learning ____ be jeopardized by the return of explicit awareness.
If you start to think too much about your driving, you actually increase your chances of having an ____.
People in sport competitions confirm that self-consciousness is one's worst enemy: tennis, golf, or billiard players commonly report that they ____ their "touch" by thinking too much about their moves.