25강 교육, 학교, 진로
Gateway 토론에서 메모의 중요성
The purpose of class discussions is to ____ you to be an active participant, not a passive recorder.
Much of the emphasis in a discussion is on getting students involved ____ thinking, reacting, and responding.
These are important ____ activities in the learning process, for through them you are supposed to discover and express your opinions.
Writing is an ____ tool for accomplishing these tasks.
Unfortunately, too many times, when ____ discussion begins, pens and pencils go down.
____ it is considerably more difficult to take notes from discussions than from lectures, for, unlike lectures, discussions tend to be disorganized and difficult to follow.
Also, students usually don't know how much of what ____ students are saying is important.
And if you are an active participant, it ____ not easy to take notes and formulate what you want to say.
But note taking in discussions is not only manageable, it ____ also important.
Note taking helps to keep you active and ____ it allows you to impose some organization on the discussion; and it can prepare you to speak.
Exercise 1 좋은 교육의 요건
Teaching reflects what society itself demands; it necessitates that disorder — of students and teachers alike, of mind, behavior, and ____ — yield to the opposite.
Effective teaching requires that, failing ____ own self-imposed order, students experience the imposition of some outer order so that inner order may develop.
This means in practice, for instance, that the goals of classes and courses be clearly set, that they be explained and justified, that the ____ of achieving them be clear, that the presentation of materials conducive to reaching them be appropriate, and that all activities be directed somehow to their attainment.
It means, too, that students take up their own obligation to maintain the conditions under which learning occurs: quiet ____ their classrooms, respect for and courtesy toward others, civility of language and behavior, and the like.
Above all, it implies structured industry — ____ and activity that are oriented toward a goal and pursued with perseverance and method.
That is, ____ teaching requires that teachers and students subject themselves to external and internal control so that learning can take place.
Exercise 2 언어가 뇌에 미치는 영향
When we lecture, scold, yell, or criticize, when we say something positive but in a sarcastic tone, or when we try to make our kids feel guilty, it activates their amygdala, triggering their stress response and putting ____ into a defensive, rigid, reactive state.
Even more basic, when we say no or don't, it releases stress chemicals in our kids' brains (and in ours) that ____ associated with fear and anger.
Functional brain imaging research has shown that even seeing the word no on a screen for less than a second while you're lying in an MRI scanner will cause your ____ to suddenly release dozens of stress-producing hormones and neurotransmitters.
Conversely, positive words like yes, love, and peace activate systems in the prefrontal cortex that are ____ to emotional regulation.
The problem is that negative words like no and don't have ____ more powerful effect on kids than positive words.
For this reason, the researchers Suniya Luthar and John Gottman say that "bad is stronger than good" when it ____ to communicating with children and teens.
Exercise 3 기술 습득 과정에서 인지 시스템의 상호 작용
The experiences of learning to ride a bicycle or drive a car illustrate well how the "what" and "how" systems — those involved in object identification and practical action — might interact during ____
When we learn to drive a car, we go through a first stage where each required action and sequence of actions — such as looking in the mirror, signaling with the blinker, pressing the clutch prior to shifting into gear, and so forth ____ are explicitly thought of and double-checked while monitoring our situation in the environment.
Once learned ____ after a few hours of practice, the required actions for driving become second nature, transferable to almost any vehicle and performed without explicit thinking.
Information appears to be perceived directly; the affordances of the road, the car, and the traffic implicitly ____
Actually, this sort of automatization of conscious learning can be jeopardized by ____ return of explicit awareness.
If you start to think too much ____ your driving, you actually increase your chances of having an accident.
People in sport competitions confirm that self-consciousness is one's worst enemy: tennis, golf, or billiard players commonly report ____ they lose their "touch" by thinking too much about their moves.