16강 문단 내 글의 순서 파악
Gateway 반복적인 과정에 기반한 시계
We usually think of a clock as a physical thing, ____ an alarm clock or a wristwatch.
But a clock is really a process embodied in a ____ and the nature of that process is repetitive.
A clock can be almost any process that repeats itself over and over again ____ an indefinite period.
Water clocks drip at a steady pace; quartz crystals ____ regularly.
Indeed, it is almost impossible to think of a clock that does not depend on a repetitive ____ of events.
The only example that comes to mind readily is a candle marked in ____
But here too there is iteration ― the ____ burning of molecules of wax ― so this too is an iterative process, although at first masked.
The ____ of radiocarbon dating is another, much longer scale clock that also appears to be like this.
It seems to yield a smooth time scale but in fact does not: the decay of atoms of carbon-14 is repetitive, although on a large scale it gives the appearance of ____ continuous.
Exercise 1 온라인으로 글을 쓸 때 독자의 관심을 끄는 방법
In academia, you are taught to write up your results thus: "I came up with a hypothesis, then I did this experiment, and then I did another experiment, then I ____ my ideas some more, and so on until [dramatic fanfare] ta-da! I proved this."
____ you wrote this way online, very few of your readers would make it to your dramatic conclusion, no matter how exciting or groundbreaking it was.
Online, we don't have the patience to wait for your ____ reveal at the end.
Instead, ____ need to tell us up front: "I proved this! And here's how I know it..."
Your readership may still dwindle and trail off over the course of your writing, but at least the vast majority know what it is you've ____ from the very beginning.
A few more of ____ may stay along for the ride if the opening line ― the "hook," in journalistic terms ― is particularly interesting.
If you grab their attention early, ____ can more likely convince more readers to stay for the whole story.
Exercise 2 뇌의 대리 기능
The human perceptual system ____ designed to recognize objects under changing illuminations, situations, and contexts.
It is extraordinarily ____ to a constantly changing world.
To deal with this uncertainty, the brain uses not one, ____ multiple routes.
If one is blocked, ____ takes another route.
This immense flexibility of the brain to rely on changing cues, according to whatever ____ available, is known as vicarious functioning.
It can be found in most ____ systems.
For instance, migrating birds fly thousands of miles ____ may rely on the stars to navigate.
But if ____ a cloudy day, they may instead rely on landmarks or their magnetic sense.
Similarly, the brain can recognize ____ face by the shape of the eyes, nose, and mouth.
In extreme cases, only a few lines are sufficient, as when we recognize the face of a celebrity in caricatures ____ with just a few pencil strokes.
Face recognition ____ functions even when parts of a face are covered and internal features such as eyes are hardly visible.
In this case, the brain relies on external features such as hair and ____ shape.
Exercise 3 누구도 원하지 않는 땅 Bir Tawil
Bir ____ is a strange place.
In January 1899, administrators of the British Empire decided to finalize ____ border between the countries of Egypt and Sudan.
In colonial fashion, they decided to use the conveniently straight line of the ____ parallel of latitude.
Unsurprisingly, this new international border arbitrarily tore through local tribes and communities, and in 1902, the British drew a new line to reflect ____ territories.
The combination of these two intersecting lines brought about the creation of two new areas: the large, inhabitable coastal area called the Hala'ib Triangle and ____ empty, landlocked patch of desert, which is Bir Tawil.
To keep the desirable Hala'ib, Egypt understandably claimed the ____ straight border of 1899, whereas Sudan ― with the same goal in mind ― claimed the new 1902 line.
The strange result of this long-standing conflict is that, ____ this day, both countries refuse to claim Bir Tawil, an area of land roughly the size of London, as it would mean giving up a greater prize.
This makes Bir Tawil the largest ― perhaps the only ____ piece of land that no country wants.
Exercise 4 준거 집단의 효과
An in-group can become a reference group, a group that is used as the frame of ____ for evaluating one's own behavior.
Members of a volunteer organization, for example, may evaluate themselves by the standards of the group ____ feel proud about their contribution to a community service project.
This positive self-evaluation reflects the normative effect of a reference group whose members share ____ same view of themselves.
____ other members of your reference group (say, your parents) have high self-esteem, you, too, are likely to share that norm and have high self-esteem.
____ normative effect basically involves imitating the reference group.
____ reference groups can also have comparison effects and associative effects on self-appraisals.
If most of your classmates shine in ____ achievement, you are likely to compare yourself with them.
As a result, you may have a negative ____ feeling that your academic performance is not up to par.
Being associated with the brilliant group, though, ____ you feel proud of yourself, "basking in reflected glory."
Exercise 5 음악의 근접성 원리
In music, proximity may refer ____ elements' being close together in pitch, time, or space.
For example, notes ____ are similar in pitch may be grouped together.
Notes are also grouped together if they are played together in time or if they come from the same instrument or section ____ a larger musical group.
To get a sense of the idea of proximity, ____ a person playing a piano.
Typically, the right hand plays notes that are ____ in pitch than the left hand.
Also, most often, it is the right hand that ____ the melody, whereas the left hand plays the bass line or accompaniment.
Even though all of the notes are played in ____ spatial proximity and at approximately the same time, we hear the notes from the right hand emerging as melody because they are grouped together with respect to pitch.
Similarly, ____ some of Bach's famous solo music for violin, the violinist essentially creates two streams of music by simultaneously playing both high and lower notes.
Perceptually, we group the high notes together and group the low ____ together, so we hear it as polyphonic or as two lines of music.
Exercise 6 공공재의 가치
Public goods are undervalued in ____ which exist for private goods but rarely for public goods.
For example, aquatic habitats ____ as wetlands provide diverse benefits that are often public goods, including breeding or refuge for unique species, recreation, hunting and tourism, or purification of water supplies.
These benefits are enjoyed simultaneously by many people and are provided to ____ for "free" by the natural functioning of the wetlands.
As a result, there is no "market" and thus no "price" for these ____ good uses of wetlands.
But ____ actual value of these services is not zero.
Because ____ people benefit from these services, their value is the total additional benefits of all individuals who enjoy provision of these services by wetlands.
This ____ could be huge, even though there is no apparent "market price" for these wetland services.
This gap between the (zero) price ____ wetland services and their actual value to all beneficiaries indicates how much these public goods are undervalued in markets.