2026 수능특강 영어 16강 변형문제

The potential for market enforcement is greater when contracting parties have developed reputational capital that can be devalued when ____ are violated.

Farmers and landowners develop reputations for honesty, fairness, ____ high yields, and consistently demonstrating that they are good at what they do.

In small, ____ farming communities, reputations are well known.

Over time landowners indirectly ____ farmers by observing the reported output, the general quality of the soil, and any unusual or extreme behavior.

Farmer and landowner reputations act as a bond. In any growing season a farmer can reduce effort, overuse soil, or ____ the crop.

Similarly, a landowner can undermaintain fences, ditches, ____ irrigation systems.

Accurate assessments of farmer and landowner behavior will ____ made over time, and those farmers and landowners who attempt to gain at each other’s expense will find that others may refuse to deal with them in the future.

Athletic performance is not the only impact that our changing climate has on ____

The impact on hockey has ____ National Hockey League concerned.

Traditionally, many ____ Canadians learned to play hockey while skating on frozen ponds during the winter months.

However, as temperatures rise globally, ponds once suitable for hockey no longer have enough ice to support ____

Some do not freeze at all, and those that do freeze maintain ice thick enough for play for much shorter ____ of time each winter.

This means that young people have less access and opportunity to learn and play hockey ____

This may translate ____ fewer players and even fewer fans of the sport.

Moreover, young players learning the sport will be forced to do so in indoor venues, which are much more expensive and ____ to access than traditional outdoor play.

Thus, it will become much more ____ for talented players growing up in rural areas and/or in poor families to learn to play the sport at a professional level.

This may turn hockey into a sport largely ____ by the economically disadvantaged.

Ageism reflects the inequality between the ____ and the young, with the society placing a higher value on the young.

This may explain ____ even older people themselves seem bothered by growing old.

An American food company once tried to market dietetic food to older persons ____ the name “Senior Foods.”

It turned out to ____ a complete failure.

A perceptive observer explained, “People didn’t want to be seen eating ____ stuff. It was labeling them old — and in our society, it is still an embarrassment to be old.”

The bottom line is that American culture is youth oriented, which makes older people feel ____ about their age.

This feeling may further be related to the biological and psychological processes of ____

But social forces, such as society’s tendency to define older persons as a ____ burden rather than a national treasure, play an important role, as well.

These social forces can worsen — or diminish — the biological ____ psychological aging.

Moreover, the experience of aging varies within the United States and around the world, involves being subjected to prejudice and discrimination, and ____ misused to generate the myths of aging.

One important way in which ____ culture enhances our ability to survive and thrive in the world is by passing along the tools it has created to make our daily living more effective and efficient.

Some tools ____ actual physical objects; for example, hammers help us build houses and scissors can cut paper and cloth.

But many others are cognitive tools ____ enable us to think in more productive ways.

Cognitive tools take a variety of forms, including concepts, symbols, strategies, procedures, and any other culturally constructed mechanisms that help us tackle life’s mental challenges ____ efficiently and effectively.

For example, our system of numbers allows us ____ perform precise calculations related to building construction, engine design, and cooking.

The maps we create help us find our way around ____ cities, subway systems, and shopping malls.

____ writing system allows us to record our thoughts on paper or in computer documents.

By the way, computers are cognitive tools ____ well as physical ones because they help us think in increasingly sophisticated ways.

All of these ____ are cultural creations — the results of many, many years of our collective ingenuity and meaning-making.

Under the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) organic standards, animal products such as meat, milk, and ____ must meet certain minimum requirements to win an organic label.

However, ____ say the government’s standards are not strict enough to ensure that farm animals are raised, transported, and slaughtered in a humane way.

The USDA regulations, for example, provide that animals must ____ access to the outdoors, including access to pasture for cud-chewing animals such as cattle and sheep.

Critics say opening a barn door just minutes per day, however, might meet this definition and organic animals may never get to ____ freely around an outdoor range or pasture.

Instead, like most conventionally raised farm animals, organically-raised animals may live in very confined, close ____ throughout their lives.

To solve this problem, some animal producers are adding other labels to their foods, such as “open pasture” or “pasture-raised,” ____ indicate that animals are raised in a pasture rather than fattened in a confined facility.

Consumers, however, must be cautious of some labels that seem to suggest humane conditions; designations such as “free range,” “cage-free,” or “grass-fed” do not necessarily guarantee that animals are not ____ or raised in the outdoors.

If you had been walking ____ Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 and had come across Independence Hall, you would have encountered something strange.

The street in front of ____ meeting hall — where many of the nation’s founders were assembled to draft the U.S. Constitution — was filled with a gigantic mound of dirt.

The delegates to the Constitutional Convention had ordered the ____ of this earthen noise barrier.

They believed the sounds of ____ street sellers, and conversations outside would disturb their intense deliberation and writing.

They weren’t going for a monastic silence. As the historical records show, there were plenty ____ bitter vocal disagreements.

Given the social mores of the day, there might have been occasional moments of emotional release through yelling or throwing things ____ one another.

Still, there was an underlying recognition of the need for a quiet container in ____ to do difficult thinking as a group.

The big dirt ____ was an effort to make this possible.

Encoding is the term that is most often used to describe the way in which information is put ____ memory.

Once an object, item, or event has been attended to (or, in some cases, even if it is not ____ attended to), it is a valid candidate for encoding into memory.

The encoding process creates a mental representation based on the amount of ____ and detail that was processed via attention.

____ example, suppose you are shopping at a farmers’ market for winter squash.

Each squash you see is given some low level of processing so that what is encoded into memory is the experience of ____ many squashes.

This relatively shallow encoding will result in ____ weak memory traces.

However, if you happened ____ see a squash that was unusually shaped, or very large, or that really caught your attention in some way, you might encode with more effort and detail, and this would likely result in a stronger memory trace for that specific squash.