영어2 천재 강상구 2과 본문 빈칸

You ____ probably received a notification from your smartphone telling you that it is time to exercise or move.

These devices lead people to move by sending notifications ____ they have been inactive for a set amount of time.

You may not ____ realized it, but this is an example of a nudge.

A nudge is an intervention that gently ____ individuals toward a desired action, without forbidding any options.

For example, if a school wants to reduce the amount of ____ drinks that students consume, then making them less visible than bottled water counts as a nudge, while banning them altogether does not.

Having been studied in the domain of behavioral economics and ____, nudging can be applied to inducing people to make better or ideal decisions.

____ are some ways nudges have succeeded in bringing about positive changes by tweaking people’s choices.

Changes in visual designs ____ markedly affect behaviors of people, especially on streets.

Two artists, mother and daughter, painted a 3D ____ on several roads in Ahmedabad, India.

To motorists, the ____ lines look like roadblocks, causing them to slow down without braking too suddenly.

The scheme was also adopted in ____, India.

This, in turn, inspired Ralf Trylla, an environmental commissioner in ____, to head a similar project.

As a result, drivers were being more careful at ____, which reduced accidents and elevated the safety of pedestrians.

The idea has been well received and ____ in cities of China, the U.S., Canada, and the UK as well.

Likewise, traffic engineers design pavement markings on the roads that drive people to ____ their behavior without realizing it.

Chicago was ____ of the first U.S. cities to experiment with this idea.

In 2006, it painted a series of lines ____ the road ahead of a dangerous curve on North Lake Shore Drive.

The lines are spaced in such a way that as the road nears the curve, the gaps between the lines get ____ and smaller.

This gives drivers approaching the curve an illusion that they are speeding up, ____ prompts them to step on the brakes.

Chicago traffic engineers reported a 36% reduction in crashes at the North Lake Shore Drive curve in the first six months after painting the ____.

Since then, the Chicago Department of ____ has painted the gapped lines at similar curves.

If you are told what other people do, you might do it too, because you think it is probably a good idea to do ____ they do.

And even if ____ aren’t sure, you might not want to disobey social norms, so you will go along.

Highlighting the right decisions of others can ____ one to do the right thing.

While the sign saying “Take your trash home or get a $____ fine.” pushes people, the one saying “Take your trash home. Other people do.” nudges them.

Many people feel ____ to match their behavior with that of the majority.

The ____ is theirs, but they have been nudged.

However, nudging people into making good choices does not ____ go as planned.

For instance, in a study of household ____ conservation, the researchers provided the residents with information about their neighbors’ average energy use.

As expected, those who had consumed more energy than the average reduced their use later; however, households with low levels of energy consumption increased their use after learning that their consumption ____ been lower than their neighbors’.

The researchers inferred that the lack of a reminder about the environmental benefits of saving energy ____ have caused the information to have an opposite effect.

Later, they added a smiley face to the information sent to those who used less ____ than the average, and found that it neutralized the opposite effect.

A default is defined as an option that applies if the chooser ____ nothing.

Of course, the ____ has the freedom to opt out of the default.

____ are effective at nudging people toward more desirable behaviors.

Human beings are subject to a powerful desire to stick with ____ they already have because making a change requires a conscious effort.

Furthermore, because a default also gives the impression that someone is recommending this choice, if people choose to opt out, they might feel they are not being ____ citizens, particularly in the case of green defaults.

Setting greener choices as defaults can automatically nudge people into more ____ behaviors.

In 2008, Rutgers University instituted a new student ____ policy to save on paper waste: it established printing on both sides of paper as the default setting for all its printers.

As a result of that ____ change, the university saved about 62 million sheets of paper in about three years.

Nudging through defaults can also apply to a food delivery ____.

A company recently announced an update for its app where it would change the default settings for the optional items, ____ as forks, spoons, and straws.

____ would have to opt out of the default to get them.

The company mentioned in an online post that having surveyed many of its customers, they found that more than 90% of them ____ really need disposable plastic items with their orders.

Are you interested in changing ____ people’s behavior?

Then why not nudge them in the right ____?

____ are many ways to subtly influence people to make better decisions.

As we are all choice architects every now and then, it ____ to know how to set people on the right path.