21강 철학, 종교, 역사, 풍습, 지리
Exercise 1 인간 – 환경 역학과 장소
Perhaps nothing has revolutionized the study of human-environment ____ more than the development of spatially explicit methods for collecting and analyzing data.
Just a few decades ago, ____ natural and social scientists collected their data without precise spatial referents.
References were made to watersheds, to communities, to villages, to cities, ____ proximity to rivers, and so on.
In some cases (in anthropology mostly), there was even the custom of changing the name of the community and even its location, "to protect ____ informants."
While confidentiality remains an important concern ____ working with human subjects, the extreme to which this was done was largely unjustified.
Everyone knew more or less where these studied communities were, and anyone interested could ____ found out.
Be that as it may, there was very little interest, except in geography, ____ precisely locate a study area on a map with coordinates.
Geography persisted, and finally convinced the rest of ____ that place was fundamentally important to understand human-environment dynamics.
Exercise 2 René Descartes의 회의와 확신
The idea that our senses may be deceiving us was taken up by the French philosopher and ____ René Descartes.
He realized that sometimes ____ senses give us a false impression ― a straight stick in a glass of water appears to be bent, for example.
And if we know that they can be unreliable, it would be wrong to trust them completely ― everything that we experience with ____ senses might be false.
It might even be that we are asleep, and that the world we are experiencing is no more than a dream, or that God or some mischievous power is making us ____ things that are not really true.
____ that is the case, though, we can never know anything for sure.
But Descartes then showed that there ____ one thing he could be sure of: In order to be deceived, he must exist, and exist as a thing that thinks.
____ although his senses could not be trusted, he could be sure he existed as something that was capable of thinking and reasoning.
Exercise 3 Ache 부족의 굶주림에 대비한 방책
Hunters in the Ache tribe, living in the Paraguayan jungle, have a ____ of ups and downs in their success at the hunt.
Some days they bring ____ much more food than they could possibly eat; other days they come home empty-handed.
If a man caught a wild pig and hoarded it for himself and his family, ____ of it would go to waste (there are no deep-freeze refrigerators in the Paraguayan jungle).
During unlucky ____ individual hunters and their families would starve.
Instead of living by a philosophy of "rugged individualism," however, hunters who have a lucky ____ share their meat with other families.
And they don't just share a little; ____ share a lot ― fully 90%.
In exchange for this generosity, their neighbors share with them on days when the ____ runs the other way.
By exchanging resources, particularly those that are unpredictable and uncertain (like meat from the hunt, ____ opposed to vegetable crops), the group provides a mutual insurance policy against starvation.