21강 철학, 종교, 역사, 풍습, 지리
Exercise 1 인간 – 환경 역학과 장소
Perhaps nothing has revolutionized the study of human-environment interactions more ____ the development of spatially explicit methods for collecting and analyzing data.
Just a few decades ago, most natural and social ____ collected their data without precise spatial referents.
References were made to watersheds, to communities, to villages, to ____, to proximity to rivers, and so on.
In some cases (in anthropology mostly), there was even the custom of changing the ____ of the community and even its location, "to protect the informants."
While confidentiality ____ an important concern when working with human subjects, the extreme to which this was done was largely unjustified.
Everyone knew ____ or less where these studied communities were, and anyone interested could have found out.
Be that as it may, there was very ____ interest, except in geography, to precisely locate a study area on a map with coordinates.
Geography ____, and finally convinced the rest of us, that place was fundamentally important to understand human-environment dynamics.
Exercise 2 René Descartes의 회의와 확신
The idea that our senses may be deceiving us was taken up by the French philosopher and mathematician René ____.
He realized that sometimes our senses give us a false impression ― a straight stick in a glass of water appears to be ____, for example.
And if we know that they can be unreliable, it would be wrong to trust them completely ― everything that we experience with our senses ____ be false.
It ____ even be that we are asleep, and that the world we are experiencing is no more than a dream, or that God or some mischievous power is making us believe things that are not really true.
If that is the case, though, we can ____ know anything for sure.
But Descartes then showed that there was one thing he ____ be sure of: In order to be deceived, he must exist, and exist as a thing that thinks.
So, although his senses could not be trusted, he could be sure he existed as something that was ____ of thinking and reasoning.
Exercise 3 Ache 부족의 굶주림에 대비한 방책
Hunters in the Ache tribe, living in the Paraguayan jungle, have a lot of ____ and downs in their success at the hunt.
Some days they bring home much ____ food than they could possibly eat; other days they come home empty-handed.
If a man caught a wild pig and hoarded it for himself and his family, ____ of it would go to waste (there are no deep-freeze refrigerators in the Paraguayan jungle).
____ unlucky periods, individual hunters and their families would starve.
Instead of living by a philosophy of "rugged individualism," however, hunters who have a lucky ____ share their meat with other families.
And they don't ____ share a little; they share a lot ― fully 90%.
In exchange for this generosity, their neighbors share with them on days when the luck runs the ____ way.
By exchanging resources, particularly those that are unpredictable and uncertain (like meat from the hunt, as ____ to vegetable crops), the group provides a mutual insurance policy against starvation.