12강 어휘 적절성 파악
Gateway 목적을 위해 수단을 정당화하는 상황 윤리
Situational ethics is an ethical theory that takes into account the context of a situation ____ an act when judging whether it is ethical.
Supporters of this theory willingly permit casting aside absolute ____ standards.
In the absence of a universal standard or law, what matters is the ____ or consequences; so, the end justifies the means.
Possibly the following contrasting realities can help illustrate ____ application of situational ethics.
In a pickup game of ____ played among friends, everyone is expected to call his or her own fouls or acknowledge knocking the ball out-of-bounds.
Caring about one's friends and maybe getting to keep playing with the group leads to these ____
But, once an organized game is played with officials, most athletes will not admit to the same ____ or violations as the end goal of winning is more important than expressing concern for competitors.
Situational ethics has been extended by many athletes and coaches to mean trying to get away with as many actions on the field or court ____ possible to gain competitive advantages.
Exercise 1 도덕적 분노로 촉발되는 징벌
Moral outrage is the psychological tool that motivates people to ____ wrongdoers, even at cost or risk to themselves.
It is a "commitment device," something that commits people to punishment, even though trying to ____ someone can be dangerous.
When we witness unjust harm, whether someone committing interpersonal violence or obvious cheating, we ____ an embodied physical reaction.
We get angry, our blood pressure spikes, our ____ beats faster; we thirst for retribution.
Outrage leads us to ____ the irrationality of risking our own safety to punish someone.
In any single situation, there is rarely an immediate personal benefit for meting out punishment, and often there is real risk, because the person you are serving justice against could lash out at you or get ____ in the future.
But the powerful feeling of outrage leads us to momentarily forget this unfavorable evaluation and get involved in a situation we would be better off avoiding, and science reveals how this feeling and forgetting is essential for maintaining a cooperative ____
Exercise 2 천연 제품에 대한 인간의 선호
Why do humans have the counterproductive instinct to favor natural products ____ the absence of knowledge of their benefits or their potential for harm?
The answer likely lies in our ____
Our species, through most of its evolutionary history, relied heavily upon experience to judge whether ingestion of something was beneficial (i.e., nutritional or medicinal) versus whether it was dangerous (i.e., ____
We evolved the instinct to avoid plants that made us sick ____ favored those that made us well.
Treating unknowns with great caution provided a terrific ____ advantage.
Today, we trust that products of nature ____ safe to consume.
But those pills coming off a pharmaceutical production line look nothing like what our instincts tell us is ____ to eat.
The ingredients remind us of a high school ____ lab.
Yet we are expected ____ consume them.
Thus, we treat them with caution just as our distant ancestors regarded ____ new plant.
When in need of a remedy, we are drawn to derivatives of our food, plant products, which we perceive to be safe, and ____ artificial products of science.
Exercise 3 식이 보충제의 안전성 문제
Dietary supplements are not drugs. A drug is intended to diagnose, ____ mitigate, treat, or prevent disease.
Before marketing, drugs must undergo extensive studies of effectiveness, safety, interactions with other substances, and ____
The FDA gives formal premarket approval to a drug and monitors its safety after the drug is ____ the market.
If a ____ is subsequently shown to be dangerous, the FDA can act quickly to have it removed from the market.
None of this ____ true for dietary supplements.
The current law gives the FDA only limited authority over supplements, making it difficult for the government to remove unsafe ____ from the marketplace.
The FDA does not evaluate the safety and effectiveness of supplements before they hit ____ marketplace.
There are some legislators in Congress ____ want to improve the law by requiring supplement makers to put safer products on the shelves and label products more clearly.
The ____ is to ensure that consumers can tell the difference between dietary supplements that are safe and those that have potentially serious side effects or drug interactions.
Exercise 4 문학 읽기의 역동성
Literature is not a ____ carrier of nuggets of information.
Literature (as opposed to everyday reading) invites us back again and again ____ re-experience what it offers and to reassess its meanings.
____ continues to communicate meaning and significance over time, and, most remarkably, to shift its meaning based on our perspective.
We have all had the experience of taking up a classic work of literature after several years and finding in it details and significance ____ missed the first (or fifth) time through.
What has changed is ____ the work of literature exactly but our experiences that are now reflected in the text.
One’s ____ of Shakespeare’s grand drama on aging under existential threat, King Lear, is a different experience read in one’s twenties than it is in one’s seventies.
This is true because reading literature, as opposed to everyday reading, requires full reader participation, activating not just our informational processing skills but our analysis, imagination, ____ emotions.
These change over time in every person, and ____ changes explain how works of literature are more dynamic than everyday reading.