2026 수능특강 영어 Test 3 변형 (14-25번)

____ seem to edit our memories of pain, which often differ from the pain we actually experienced.

In experiments, and after medical procedures, people overlook a ____ duration.

Their memory snapshots instead record two factors: First, people ____ to record pain’s peak moment, which can lead them to recall variable pain, with peaks, as worse.

Second, they register how much pain they felt at the end, as Daniel Kahneman ____ his co-researchers discovered when they asked people to dip one hand in painfully cold water for 60 seconds, and then the other hand in the same painfully cold water for 60 seconds followed by a slightly less painful 30 seconds more.

Which of these experiences would you expect to recall as most ____

Curiously, when asked which trial they would ____ to repeat, most preferred the longer trial, with more net pain — but less pain at the end.

A physician used this ____ with patients undergoing colon exams — lengthening the discomfort by a minute, but lessening its intensity.

Although the extended milder discomfort added to ____ net pain experience, patients who received this taper-down treatment later recalled the exam as less painful than did those whose pain ended suddenly.

A subtle difference in cultural tools of intellectual adaptation that can make a noticeable difference in children’s cognitive task performance can be found in ____ a language names its numbers.

Today, most cultures in the world use a system with the ____ of zero, negative numbers, and the possibility to enumerate quantities from one to infinity.

Some cultures, however, have a more limited way of expressing quantities (for ____ only having number words for one, two, and many), and this influences their ability to perform basic arithmetic operations.

____ instance, adult speakers of two Amazonia languages (Piraha and Munduruku) have no number words for quantities larger than five.

As a result, they perform arithmetic ____ involving small quantities easily, but they perform poorly on tasks involving larger quantities.

Piraha children who learn Portuguese, however, are able to perform arithmetic calculations with larger quantities, supporting ____ interpretation that the language’s ability to represent numbers is responsible for the pattern of numerical thinking in these cultures.

Poetry is the domain in which the play between ____ abstract and the concrete is essential.

____ mathematics, poetry is an ongoing dialogue between individual instances and generalizations, between the tangible and the abstract, the low and the high.

Metaphor, ____ example, is such a game: from the individual to the general, and back.

The poet thinks of something specific, say, ____ lover’s eyes.

____ his excitement, he wishes to give this a more general dimension, and he thinks about the general characteristics of eyes: softness, or their shape.

In the next step, ____ returns to something else that is worldly, which has similar qualities: “Your eyes are doves.”

Note that the last shot ____ this game is in the direction of the tangible.

This is a general feature of the poetical ping-pong: the heart of the poem is given to the concrete, and it ____ in this direction that the poem goes.

This ____ the diametric opposite of the ping-pong of mathematics, in which the last shot is always toward the abstract.

It ____ a classic mistake to think that nature will make sure that the actual outcomes will quickly match the theoretical probability of those outcomes.

We all know that flipping coins will give an equal chance of heads or tails; if we flip a coin a great many times, the proportion of tails will be close ____ 50 percent.

Yet many of us make ____ mistake of believing that, when heads comes up three times in a row, the probability that next time it will be tails is greater than the probability that it will be heads.

However, the coin has no memory; it ____ fall either way with a probability of 50 percent.

This bias is also found when professionals carry out repetitive tasks: judges ruling on requests for asylum, loan officers in a bank granting credit, ____ baseball umpires calling strikes, all tend to make decisions that “compensate” for their recent decisions.

____ other words, a decision one way is more likely if the preceding decision went in the opposite direction.

____ contemporary concept of a library is multifaceted, especially in terms of different structural scales and scopes.

The most popular, especially in the Western ____ are the national libraries, which retain their historical role as visible national cultural assets.

They are housed in monumental buildings that become the symbolic landmark of their contents: the cultural memory ____ an entire nation.

____ architectural form must be reminiscent of a stable, long-lasting structure that reinforces national identity and symbolizes a secure shield for collective historical cultural production.

Like historical or modern palaces, national libraries were built as architectural references to show their ____ as identifiable repositories and to reflect the importance of their collections in proving the perceived knowledge of the nation.

Copying ____ others, whether accurately or not, is a time-honored method of acquiring alternatives.

We ____ this when we adopt the fashions, slang, and party games of our neighbors.

We do it across international borders, when we adopt the foods, ____ and religious rituals of other nations.

After all, pizza and ice cream were appropriated from Italy, the music of “The Star Spangled Banner” from ____ English drinking song, and the Christmas tree from Germany.

When imitation arrives from ____ sources, we call it cultural diffusion.

This was probably how the alphabet reached Greece, where it was transcribed in ____ new way.

It was probably how agriculture spread from the Middle East ____ northern Europe.

Sometimes it is not clear whether an innovation was introduced by arrival of migrating individuals or the acceptance of ____ ideas.

Thus, with respect to farming, was it brought north by ____ farmers or did indigenous peoples embrace a successful mode of production observed in neighboring communities?

We may never know, but the odds are that ____ modes of transmission played a role.

The fact that our expectations can so fundamentally alter the effectiveness of a drug provides a major ____ to the pharmaceutical industry.

Drugs are rolled out on to ____ market once they have been tested and shown to be effective but not harmful.

This means they have been demonstrated to be more effective than a control baseline condition where people ____ the benefits of a drug but receive a placebo instead.

Yet, it is important to note that this placebo ____ is equal across both conditions.

Whether people are taking the actual drug or a fake drug, they are still experiencing the psychological effect of pill taking, and this makes them feel better independently ____ any actual pharmacological effects.

This means that when we take an aspirin we are not only getting the benefits of the medication, we are also getting the psychological benefit of the expectation that taking the ____ will make our pain better.

Shifting ____ expectation can almost totally undermine the effects of the medication, and our expectations can sometimes have a stronger effect than the drug itself.

The notion of personal — that is, psychological — development has some parallels with physical development, in that both occur through an age-dependent ____ of maturation.

One difference, though, is that psychological development is more likely to continue throughout the lifespan, or through a ____ portion of it.

If you graphed physical ____ it would look like an inverted U.

Physical capacities mature ____ to some peak and then gradually decline.

Psychological capacities can also decline due, for ____ to aging-related cortical thinning.

But qualities such as spirituality and wisdom may build unto ____ possibly making up for what is lost physically.

Indeed, some studies suggest that overall well-being, incorporating all of the physical and psychological factors that make people feel well, tends to fall in middle age before rising ____ as people enter old age.

It is a testament to the power and possibility of lifelong psychological development that subjective well-being may improve even as ____ body is diminished.

Odor molecules come in many shapes and ____ — so many, in fact, that it takes many different receptors to detect them.

A large family of genes designs the 350 ____ so receptor proteins that recognize particular odor molecules.

____ Axel and Linda Buck discovered (in work for which they received a 2004 Nobel Prize) that these receptor proteins are located on the surface of nasal cavity neurons.

As a key slips into a lock, so odor ____ slip into these receptors.

Yet we ____ seem to have a distinct receptor for each detectable odor.

This ____ that some odors trigger a combination of receptors, in patterns that are interpreted by the olfactory cortex.

As the English alphabet’s 26 letters can combine to form many words, so odor molecules bind to different receptor clusters, producing the 10,000 ____ we can detect.

It is the combinations of olfactory ____ which activate different neuron patterns, that allow us to distinguish between the smells of fresh-brewed and hours-old coffee.

In one experiment, 156 housewives in Palo Alto, California, were called on the phone and asked to do something the researchers guessed that most people would rather not do: allow a team of six men ____ a consumer group to come into their homes for two hours “to list and classify all the household products you have.”

The women were told that the men would need full freedom to go through the house exploring cupboards ____ storage spaces.

____ women (only 22%) complied.

However, another group of women was contacted twice, once with a small request designed simply to get a “foot in the door” — they were asked to answer a series of eight questions about household soaps (such as “What brand of soap do you use in your kitchen ____

It was such a minor favor that nearly everyone ____

Three days later, these women were contacted by the same consumer group, but now ____ the larger, home-visit request.

Under these circumstances, 52% of the women agreed to allow the team of men to go ____ their cupboards and closets for two hours.

____ to the above experiment, housewives’ reluctance to accept the request to permit an unwelcome home visit by a consumer group significantly decreased when the request was preceded by a minor one.

According to the Green Press Initiative, a non-profit organization promoting environmental sustainability ____ the publishing industry, approximately 30 million trees are used each year to make paper for books and newspapers that are sold in the United States.

The same industry consumes 153 gallons of ____ annually.

As a Greenpeace campaign in 2006 revealed, illegal logging of ancient forests in Finland and Canada was often ____ result of our demand for paper, specifically our demand for books.

Enter the e-reader and e-books, and we ____ have a way to read that doesn’t leave a negative impact on the environment, right?

It’s complicated — although e-readers do reduce deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions, there are various other factors including supply chain considerations such as mining, shipping, and manufacturing, as well as ____ consumption that actually prevent the e-reader from being the obvious best substitute for books.

Digital books are also stored in data centers connected to the electricity network, which in the United States are usually powered by unsustainable ____ sources.

Enthusiastic readers that are likely to read over 60 to 70 books on their e-readers can rest assured ____ they are offsetting the environmental impacts of their e-readers.

But if you’re not planning on reading that much, look for books that are either printed on 100 percent postconsumer waste recycled or Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)- certified paper, or for those that were produced by a publisher that signed the ____ Industry Treatise on Environmentally Responsible Publishing.

Better yet, renew your library card or start a ____ club with friends.