2026 수능특강 영어 Test 3 변형 (14-25번)

We seem to edit our memories of pain, which often differ from the pain we ____ experienced.

In experiments, and after ____ procedures, people overlook a pain’s duration.

Their memory snapshots ____ record two factors: First, people tend to record pain’s peak moment, which can lead them to recall variable pain, with peaks, as worse.

Second, they register how much pain they ____ at the end, as Daniel Kahneman and his co-researchers discovered when they asked people to dip one hand in painfully cold water for 60 seconds, and then the other hand in the same painfully cold water for 60 seconds followed by a slightly less painful 30 seconds more.

Which of these experiences ____ you expect to recall as most painful?

Curiously, when asked which trial they would prefer to repeat, most ____ the longer trial, with more net pain — but less pain at the end.

A ____ used this principle with patients undergoing colon exams — lengthening the discomfort by a minute, but lessening its intensity.

Although the extended milder discomfort added to their net pain experience, ____ who received this taper-down treatment later recalled the exam as less painful than did those whose pain ended suddenly.

A subtle ____ in cultural tools of intellectual adaptation that can make a noticeable difference in children’s cognitive task performance can be found in how a language names its numbers.

Today, most ____ in the world use a system with the concept of zero, negative numbers, and the possibility to enumerate quantities from one to infinity.

Some cultures, however, have a ____ limited way of expressing quantities (for example, only having number words for one, two, and many), and this influences their ability to perform basic arithmetic operations.

For instance, adult speakers of two Amazonia languages (Piraha and Munduruku) have no number words for quantities ____ than five.

As a result, they perform arithmetic tasks involving small quantities easily, but they perform poorly on tasks involving ____ quantities.

Piraha children who learn Portuguese, however, are able to perform arithmetic calculations with larger quantities, supporting the ____ that the language’s ability to represent numbers is responsible for the pattern of numerical thinking in these cultures.

Poetry is the domain in which the play between the abstract and the concrete is ____.

Like mathematics, poetry is an ongoing dialogue between ____ instances and generalizations, between the tangible and the abstract, the low and the high.

____, for example, is such a game: from the individual to the general, and back.

The ____ thinks of something specific, say, his lover’s eyes.

In his excitement, he wishes to give this a more general dimension, and he thinks about the general characteristics of eyes: ____, or their shape.

In the next step, he returns to something else that is worldly, which has ____ qualities: “Your eyes are doves.”

Note that the last ____ in this game is in the direction of the tangible.

This is a general feature of the poetical ping-pong: the heart of the poem is given to the concrete, and it is in this ____ that the poem goes.

This is the diametric ____ of the ping-pong of mathematics, in which the last shot is always toward the abstract.

It is a classic mistake to ____ that nature will make sure that the actual outcomes will quickly match the theoretical probability of those outcomes.

We all know that flipping coins will give an equal chance of heads or tails; if we flip a ____ a great many times, the proportion of tails will be close to 50 percent.

Yet many of us ____ the mistake of believing that, when heads comes up three times in a row, the probability that next time it will be tails is greater than the probability that it will be heads.

However, the coin has no ____; it will fall either way with a probability of 50 percent.

This bias is also found when professionals carry out repetitive tasks: judges ruling on requests for asylum, loan officers in a bank ____ credit, or baseball umpires calling strikes, all tend to make decisions that “compensate” for their recent decisions.

In ____ words, a decision one way is more likely if the preceding decision went in the opposite direction.

The contemporary concept of a library is multifaceted, ____ in terms of different structural scales and scopes.

The most popular, especially in the Western world, are the national libraries, ____ retain their historical role as visible national cultural assets.

They are housed in ____ buildings that become the symbolic landmark of their contents: the cultural memory of an entire nation.

Their architectural form must be reminiscent of a stable, long-lasting structure that reinforces ____ identity and symbolizes a secure shield for collective historical cultural production.

Like historical or modern palaces, national libraries were built as architectural references to show their role as identifiable repositories and to reflect the importance of their collections in ____ the perceived knowledge of the nation.

Copying from ____, whether accurately or not, is a time-honored method of acquiring alternatives.

We do this when we adopt the fashions, slang, and ____ games of our neighbors.

We do it across international borders, when we adopt the foods, music, and religious rituals of other ____.

After all, pizza and ice cream were appropriated from Italy, the music of “The Star Spangled Banner” from an English drinking song, and the Christmas ____ from Germany.

When ____ arrives from external sources, we call it cultural diffusion.

This was probably how the alphabet reached ____, where it was transcribed in a new way.

It was probably how agriculture spread from the Middle ____ into northern Europe.

Sometimes it is not clear whether an innovation was introduced by arrival of migrating individuals or the acceptance of new ____.

Thus, with respect to farming, was it brought north by relocating farmers or did indigenous peoples embrace a successful mode of production observed in ____ communities?

We may never know, but the odds are that both modes of ____ played a role.

The fact that our expectations can so fundamentally alter the effectiveness of a drug provides a major challenge to the ____ industry.

Drugs are rolled out on to the market once they have been tested and shown to be ____ but not harmful.

This means they have been demonstrated to be more effective than a control baseline condition where ____ expected the benefits of a drug but receive a placebo instead.

Yet, it is ____ to note that this placebo effect is equal across both conditions.

Whether people are taking the actual drug or a fake drug, they are still experiencing the psychological effect of pill taking, and this makes them feel ____ independently of any actual pharmacological effects.

This means that when we take an aspirin we are not only getting the ____ of the medication, we are also getting the psychological benefit of the expectation that taking the pill will make our pain better.

Shifting our expectation can almost totally undermine the effects of the medication, and our expectations can sometimes have a stronger effect than the drug ____.

The notion of ____ — that is, psychological — development has some parallels with physical development, in that both occur through an age-dependent process of maturation.

One difference, though, is that ____ development is more likely to continue throughout the lifespan, or through a greater portion of it.

If ____ graphed physical development, it would look like an inverted U.

Physical capacities mature up to some peak and ____ gradually decline.

Psychological capacities can also decline due, for instance, to ____ cortical thinning.

But qualities such as spirituality and wisdom ____ build unto death, possibly making up for what is lost physically.

Indeed, some studies ____ that overall well-being, incorporating all of the physical and psychological factors that make people feel well, tends to fall in middle age before rising again as people enter old age.

It is a testament to the power and possibility of lifelong psychological ____ that subjective well-being may improve even as the body is diminished.

Odor molecules come in many shapes and sizes — so many, in fact, that it takes many ____ receptors to detect them.

A large family of genes designs the 350 or so receptor proteins that recognize particular odor ____.

Richard ____ and Linda Buck discovered (in work for which they received a 2004 Nobel Prize) that these receptor proteins are located on the surface of nasal cavity neurons.

As a key slips into a ____, so odor molecules slip into these receptors.

____ we don’t seem to have a distinct receptor for each detectable odor.

This suggests that some odors trigger a combination of receptors, in patterns that are interpreted by the olfactory ____.

As the ____ alphabet’s 26 letters can combine to form many words, so odor molecules bind to different receptor clusters, producing the 10,000 odors we can detect.

It is the combinations of olfactory receptors, which activate different neuron patterns, that allow us to distinguish between the smells of fresh-brewed and hours-old ____.

In one experiment, 156 housewives in Palo Alto, California, were called on the phone and asked to do something the researchers guessed that most people would rather ____ do: allow a team of six men from a consumer group to come into their homes for two hours “to list and classify all the household products you have.”

The women were told that the men would need full freedom to go through the house exploring cupboards and storage ____.

Few women (only 22%) ____.

However, another group of women was contacted twice, once with a small request designed simply to get a “foot in the door” — they were asked to answer a series of eight questions about household soaps (such as “What brand of soap do you use in your kitchen ____?”).

It was such a minor favor that ____ everyone agreed.

Three days later, these women were contacted by the same ____ group, but now with the larger, home-visit request.

____ these circumstances, 52% of the women agreed to allow the team of men to go through their cupboards and closets for two hours.

According to the above experiment, housewives’ reluctance to accept the request to permit an unwelcome home visit by a consumer group significantly decreased when the request was preceded by a ____ one.

According to the Green Press Initiative, a non-profit organization promoting environmental sustainability in the publishing industry, approximately 30 million trees are used each year to make ____ for books and newspapers that are sold in the United States.

The same industry consumes ____ gallons of water annually.

As a Greenpeace campaign in 2006 revealed, illegal logging of ancient forests in Finland and Canada was ____ a result of our demand for paper, specifically our demand for books.

Enter the e-reader and e-books, and we ____ have a way to read that doesn’t leave a negative impact on the environment, right?

It’s complicated — although e-readers do reduce deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions, there are various ____ factors including supply chain considerations such as mining, shipping, and manufacturing, as well as energy consumption that actually prevent the e-reader from being the obvious best substitute for books.

Digital books are also ____ in data centers connected to the electricity network, which in the United States are usually powered by unsustainable energy sources.

Enthusiastic readers that are likely to read over 60 to 70 books on their e-readers can ____ assured that they are offsetting the environmental impacts of their e-readers.

But if you’re not planning on reading that much, look for books that are either printed on 100 percent postconsumer waste recycled or Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)- certified paper, or for those that were produced by a publisher that signed the Book Industry ____ on Environmentally Responsible Publishing.

Better yet, renew your ____ card or start a book-sharing club with friends.