2026 수능특강 영어 Test 1 변형 (13-25번)

By giving an alarm call, a babbler tells the predator that it has ____ spotted.

Once it has been spotted, the predator’s chances of launching a successful attack are low, as the babbler ____ now seek cover.

Many species, from lizards to kangaroo rats, ____ predators in this way!

What keeps the signal honest, guaranteeing its ____ stability?

Why don’t babblers emit these calls at frequent intervals, just in case there ____ to be a predator around?

One reason is that the calls don’t always deter predators; they ____ lower the odds of an attack.

If the prey has already been spotted by a predator, giving the call is ____.

But if the prey hasn’t been spotted, then it just made its position known to any predators nearby and, since it doesn’t know where these predators might be, ____ chances of escape are low.

As a result, prey have an incentive to give the calls only when they have actually ____ the predator, making the calls credible.

The theory of comparative advantage was first proposed by David Ricardo in 1817 when he demonstrated the idea by ____ wine and cloth production in Portugal and England.

Both commodities could be produced in Portugal ____ easily than in England; however, the relative cost of production of the two goods differed within each country.

In England, wine production was ____ difficult, but cloth was readily manufactured.

It could therefore be said that there were high opportunity costs for England to produce wine and it was better to ____ on cloth making.

Although in Portugal it was easy to produce both commodities, there was a comparative ____ in concentrating on the production of a surplus of wine to meet England’s demand, and trade it for English surplus cloth.

Specialization enabled economies of scale to be secured and investment meant that a high-quality product could be ____.

England also benefited from the arrangement because, while the cost of its ____ production remained the same, it enjoyed access to a supply of wine produced more cheaply than was possible at home.

Sports, by their very design, are highly structured; they involve institutionally defined rules, give rise to a hierarchical authority ____, and are often so over-regulated that they seem only nominally related to play.

____ it is commonly said that athletes “play” sports, the rules and customs that control the behaviors of athletes often distance sports from the domain of play.

Sports represent the formalization of play, with every move closely examined and subjected to rules and rules-interpretation by ____ officials and league administrators.

The participants of sports (athletes, owners, trainers, ____.) have an investment with the games they play.

Their very livelihoods are dependent ____ success in the sports world.

Generally, the investment aspect of sport outweighs the ____, playful aspect of the game itself.

Thus, as Edwards noted decades ago, sport is often “anything but a diversion to its ____.

In ____, for many participants it is sport that produces the primary stresses and strains in their lives.”

In a documentary film released in 2004, psycho-pharmacologist Candace ____ retells a story about the conquistadors and Montezuma.

The story, a reportedly factual account, essentially states that ____ the Spanish galleons approached, they were invisible to the Aztec people.

The ____ was simply that the Aztec had never seen ships of that nature.

When the Spanish approached the shore with their helmets on their heads, ____ the Aztec perceived were gods with golden helmets reflecting the sun as they walked on water.

The Aztec ____ them as gods, and of course everyone knows what happened.

According to the story, it took several days of just staring at the water where the Spanish arrived for one of the Aztec scholars to finally ____ the ships.

Arguably, this story illustrates how we fail to ____ what we see, either because of psychological defense strategies and/or the inability to see what is not already in the mind to see.

The ____ aesthetic elements of cinema may be summarized as visual composition, lighting, movement, color, direction of action, editing, sound (dialogue, sound effects, and music), and special effects.

These elements of ____ craft may represent aspects of actual subjects in the real world, but they may also embody subjective perspectives communicated by the filmmaker.

For example, the angle of a shot ____ make a subject appear more or less powerful, and a long take may convey a deeper sense of continuous reality than a series of quick cuts.

____ effects recorded in postproduction may add realism and emotional attachment to footage shot in the field without sync sound.

Adding a musical ____ may lend an emotional tone to a scene, reinforcing the message of the imagery.

Even in direct cinema — the most pure mode of documentary style, which often relies on long takes and neutral camera angles — the filmmaker still makes decisions ____ where to put the camera, when to move it, and when to make a cut.

There is no ____ the conclusion that, as an art form, cinema molds its own reality as much as it presents that of the world.

The term “big data” can be used to talk about the analytic techniques used to extract useful information ____ the massive amount of data making up our digital form of life.

Over the last ____ decades, our analytic methods for information extraction have increased in sophistication along with the increasing size of the data sets we have to work with.

And ____ techniques have been put to a mind-boggling variety of uses, from Wall Street to science of all sorts.

A simple example is the data “exhaust” you are ____ as you read these very words on your e-reader or tablet.

How much of this book you read, as well as the digital notes you take on it, is commercially available information, extracted from the trail of data you ____ behind as you access it in the cloud.

Major online book-selling retailers use this sort of ____ to further target the types of products they market.

Recently when devastating wildfires caused widespread destruction across parts of the Pacific Northwest region of North America in the ____ of 2018 and 2020, news organizations predictably focused on both the human dramas created by the blazes — and the climate change angle.

The latter is treated as the sole worsening factor for the increase in ____.

To be sure climate ____ been a considerable factor.

Somewhat cooler, wetter ____, which was more recently the norm in the northwest, does not result in uncontrollable fires of that scale.

But an ____ component of that story was largely bypassed in the rush to drama fueled by the emotionally-charged climate change angle.

Those fires are also the result of poor forest management practices for over half a ____.

Decades of suppression of naturally-occurring and regenerative wildfires have resulted in weaker, ____ and more combustible forests.

That combined with widespread clear-cutting of more fire-resistant old growth trees and their replacement with second growth species has also greatly contributed to the ____.

Energy ____ is based on the fundamental principle that energy production must not harm the environment or people.

This seemingly obvious proposition comes with a ____ outcome: planet-killing fossil fuels must be left in the ground.

But it is not ____ simply to switch to wind-, solar-, and tide-based renewable energy sources.

This is not, in other ____, simply an issue of technological innovation — as the shift to renewable energy is so often represented by mainstream commentators.

Advocates of energy democracy insist that everyone should have sufficient ____ to renewable energy sources.

Since the free market is notoriously unconcerned with such questions of equal access, energy ____ thus also implies that the means of power production must be socialized and democratized.

This involves conceptualizing energy as a form of public goods ____ than, as at present, a commodity produced by for-profit entities.

This shift makes sense since the new forms of renewable energy are predominantly produced in decentralized forms, making collective ____ of the means of production the most sensible way to regulate them, and to shift power to community and grassroots organizations.

Some groups of humans have ____ genetically isolated from the rest for a long time.

It has been argued that the San ____ southwestern Africa have been largely isolated for more than one hundred thousand years.

However, San ____ shares with humans across the globe all the basic features that I shall associate with educability.

Like other groups, they have origin myths, deities, and stories about their deities, which all involve complex ____ systems that individuals acquire from others.

They also have ____ knowledge that enables them to survive in their desert environment.

For example, they traditionally ____ game using arrows poisoned by extracts from the roots of rare desert plants.

This hunting technique must have been difficult for an individual to invent, given that it uses knowledge that would be ____ to learn from experience.

Once invented, ____, it is easy to pass the technique down from generation to generation.

In a free society, every ____ is a self-owner.

No man is allowed to own the body or mind of another, that being the essence of ____.

This condition completely rejects the basis for a law of defamation, i.e., ____ (written defamation) or slander (oral defamation).

For the basis of outlawing defamation is that every man has a “property in his own reputation” and that therefore any ill-intended or untruthful attack on him or his character (or even more, a ____ attack!) injures his reputation and therefore should be punished.

However, a man has no such objective property as “____.”

His reputation is simply what others think of him, i.e., it is purely a function of the ____ thoughts of others.

But a man cannot own the minds or thoughts of ____.

Therefore, I cannot invade a man’s property right by criticizing ____ publicly.

____, since I do not own others’ minds, either, I cannot force anyone else to think less of the man because of my criticism.

Depending upon the historical era, the ____ context, and the emergence of fashionable theory in criminology, different philosophies of punishment arise and become dominant, although never exclusively so.

For example, during the 1950s and the early 1960s rehabilitative ____ predominated.

The more conservative era of the 1980s ____ a punitive model of “just deserts.”

However, during the ____ retribution was not abandoned; neither was rehabilitation absent in the 1980s.

The major concern of the philosophy of punishment ____ the dominant correctional ideology.

While ideologies and their constitutive philosophies change ____ time, few are ever totally abandoned, and newer versions of thinly disguised old ideas may gain renewed currency and popular acceptance.

The late twentieth and early twenty-first century have ____ a reversion to harsh punitive philosophies as exemplified in the wide use of the “three strikes and you are out” laws and the increase in the use and widespread acceptance of the death sentence, yet the same period has welcomed a victim- and offender-centered approach called “restorative justice” that aims to reintegrate offenders back into the community and correct the harm of those offended.

The philosophy of ____ reflects the prevailing correctional ideology of the time, but it does not completely reject old ideologies, as shown by the coexistence of punitive and restorative approaches across different eras.

Although animals ____ a wide range of tricks to deceive their peers, they more often cheat by a much subtler means: free riding — that is, putting less effort into a group project than the other members of the group.

For instance, many young birds help their parents raise younger siblings, a behavior ____ to occur in 3 – 8% of bird species in the world.

Helping allows young, inexperienced birds to learn critical ____ skills, especially when they themselves are not yet ready to strike out on their own.

Helping also benefits their fitness indirectly because they share, on ____, half of their genes with any of the chicks in the nest.

(This aspect of evolution is known as ____ selection.)

However, just as a half-full glass can be seen as half empty, so ____ are shared genes.

A 50% genetic similarity can also be seen as a 50% genetic ____.

This is why there is conflict as well as cooperation between the ____ birds and their siblings.

For this reason, helpers may not pour their full effort into this ____ reproductive enterprise.

In carrion crows, for example, as ____ as 27% of helpers are sluggish workers, contributing less effort than they can toward helping raise their siblings.

But if the dominant breeders are ____, these lazy helpers will immediately increase their efforts in feeding the chicks.

Clearly, they can be quite competent in food provisioning when they ____ to.

They are by no means born lazy; they simply avoid their duty when they can get ____ with it.