2026 수능특강 영어 Test 1 변형 (13-25번)

By giving an alarm call, a babbler tells the predator that it has ____ spotted.

Once it has been spotted, the predator’s chances of launching a successful attack are ____ as the babbler can now seek cover.

Many species, from lizards to kangaroo rats, warn predators in ____ way!

What keeps the signal honest, guaranteeing its ____ stability?

Why don’t babblers emit these calls at frequent intervals, just in case there happens to be a predator ____

One reason is that the calls don’t always ____ predators; they simply lower the odds of an attack.

If the prey has already been spotted by a predator, giving the call ____ worthwhile.

But ____ the prey hasn’t been spotted, then it just made its position known to any predators nearby and, since it doesn’t know where these predators might be, its chances of escape are low.

As a result, prey have an incentive to give the calls only when they have actually spotted the predator, ____ the calls credible.

The theory of comparative advantage was first proposed by David Ricardo in 1817 when he demonstrated the idea ____ examining wine and cloth production in Portugal and England.

Both commodities could be produced in Portugal more easily than in ____ however, the relative cost of production of the two goods differed within each country.

In England, wine ____ was extremely difficult, but cloth was readily manufactured.

It could therefore be said that there were high opportunity costs for England ____ produce wine and it was better to focus on cloth making.

Although in Portugal it was easy to produce both commodities, there was a comparative advantage in concentrating on the production of a surplus of ____ to meet England’s demand, and trade it for English surplus cloth.

Specialization enabled economies of ____ to be secured and investment meant that a high-quality product could be delivered.

England also benefited from the arrangement because, while the ____ of its cloth production remained the same, it enjoyed access to a supply of wine produced more cheaply than was possible at home.

Sports, by their very design, ____ highly structured; they involve institutionally defined rules, give rise to a hierarchical authority pattern, and are often so over-regulated that they seem only nominally related to play.

Although it is commonly said that athletes “play” sports, the rules and customs that control the behaviors ____ athletes often distance sports from the domain of play.

Sports represent the formalization of play, with every move closely ____ and subjected to rules and rules-interpretation by game officials and league administrators.

The participants of sports (athletes, owners, trainers, etc.) have an investment with ____ games they play.

Their very livelihoods are dependent ____ success in the sports world.

Generally, ____ investment aspect of sport outweighs the recreational, playful aspect of the game itself.

Thus, as Edwards noted decades ____ sport is often “anything but a diversion to its participants.

In fact, for ____ participants it is sport that produces the primary stresses and strains in their lives.”

In a documentary film released in 2004, psycho-pharmacologist Candace Pert retells a story ____ the conquistadors and Montezuma.

The story, a reportedly factual account, essentially states that ____ the Spanish galleons approached, they were invisible to the Aztec people.

The reason was simply that the Aztec had never seen ships of that ____

When the Spanish approached the shore with their helmets on their heads, what the Aztec perceived were gods ____ golden helmets reflecting the sun as they walked on water.

The Aztec welcomed them as ____ and of course everyone knows what happened.

According to the story, it took several ____ of just staring at the water where the Spanish arrived for one of the Aztec scholars to finally see the ships.

Arguably, this story illustrates how we fail to see what we see, either because of psychological defense strategies and/or the inability to see ____ is not already in the mind to see.

The basic aesthetic elements of cinema may be summarized as ____ composition, lighting, movement, color, direction of action, editing, sound (dialogue, sound effects, and music), and special effects.

These elements of film craft may represent aspects of actual subjects in the real world, but they may also embody subjective ____ communicated by the filmmaker.

For example, the angle of a shot may make a subject appear more or less powerful, and a long take may ____ a deeper sense of continuous reality than a series of quick cuts.

Sound effects recorded in postproduction may add realism and emotional attachment to footage shot in ____ field without sync sound.

Adding a musical soundtrack may lend an emotional tone to a scene, reinforcing ____ message of the imagery.

Even in direct cinema — the most pure mode of documentary style, which often relies on long takes and neutral camera angles — the filmmaker still makes decisions about where to put the camera, when to move it, and when to ____ a cut.

There is no avoiding the conclusion that, as an art form, cinema molds its own reality as much as it presents that ____ the world.

The term “big data” can be used to talk about the analytic techniques used to extract useful information ____ the massive amount of data making up our digital form of life.

Over the last several decades, our analytic methods for information extraction have increased in sophistication along with the increasing size ____ the data sets we have to work with.

And these techniques have been put to a mind-boggling variety ____ uses, from Wall Street to science of all sorts.

A ____ example is the data “exhaust” you are leaving as you read these very words on your e-reader or tablet.

How much of this book you read, as ____ as the digital notes you take on it, is commercially available information, extracted from the trail of data you leave behind as you access it in the cloud.

Major online book-selling retailers use this sort of information to further target the ____ of products they market.

Recently when devastating wildfires caused widespread destruction across parts of the Pacific Northwest region of North America in ____ summers of 2018 and 2020, news organizations predictably focused on both the human dramas created by the blazes — and the climate change angle.

The latter is treated as the sole worsening factor for the increase in ____

To be sure climate has been a ____ factor.

Somewhat cooler, wetter weather, which was more ____ the norm in the northwest, does not result in uncontrollable fires of that scale.

But an important component of that story was ____ bypassed in the rush to drama fueled by the emotionally-charged climate change angle.

Those fires are also the result of poor ____ management practices for over half a century.

Decades of suppression of naturally-occurring and regenerative wildfires have resulted in weaker, diseased and ____ combustible forests.

That combined ____ widespread clear-cutting of more fire-resistant old growth trees and their replacement with second growth species has also greatly contributed to the blazes.

____ democracy is based on the fundamental principle that energy production must not harm the environment or people.

This seemingly obvious proposition comes with a radical outcome: planet-killing fossil fuels ____ be left in the ground.

But it is not enough simply to switch to wind-, solar-, and tide-based renewable energy ____

This is not, in ____ words, simply an issue of technological innovation — as the shift to renewable energy is so often represented by mainstream commentators.

Advocates of energy democracy insist that everyone should have ____ access to renewable energy sources.

Since the free market is notoriously unconcerned with such questions of equal access, energy democracy thus also implies ____ the means of power production must be socialized and democratized.

This involves conceptualizing energy as a ____ of public goods rather than, as at present, a commodity produced by for-profit entities.

This shift makes ____ since the new forms of renewable energy are predominantly produced in decentralized forms, making collective ownership of the means of production the most sensible way to regulate them, and to shift power to community and grassroots organizations.

Some groups of humans have been genetically isolated from ____ rest for a long time.

It has been argued that the San from southwestern Africa have been largely isolated for more than one ____ thousand years.

However, San culture shares with humans across ____ globe all the basic features that I shall associate with educability.

Like other groups, they have origin myths, deities, and stories about their deities, which ____ involve complex belief systems that individuals acquire from others.

They also have sophisticated knowledge that enables them to survive in ____ desert environment.

For example, they traditionally hunt game using arrows poisoned by extracts from the roots ____ rare desert plants.

This hunting technique must have been difficult for an individual to invent, given that it uses knowledge that would be challenging to learn from ____

Once invented, however, it is easy to pass the technique down from generation ____ generation.

In a ____ society, every man is a self-owner.

No man is allowed to own the body or mind ____ another, that being the essence of slavery.

This condition completely rejects the basis for a law of defamation, i.e., libel (written defamation) ____ slander (oral defamation).

For the basis of outlawing defamation is that every man has a “property in his own reputation” and that therefore any ill-intended or untruthful attack on him ____ his character (or even more, a truthful attack!) injures his reputation and therefore should be punished.

However, a man has no such objective property ____ “reputation.”

His reputation is simply what others think of him, ____ it is purely a function of the subjective thoughts of others.

But ____ man cannot own the minds or thoughts of others.

Therefore, I cannot invade a man’s property right by ____ him publicly.

Further, since I do not own others’ minds, either, I cannot ____ anyone else to think less of the man because of my criticism.

Depending upon the historical era, the political context, and the emergence of fashionable theory in criminology, different philosophies of punishment arise and become dominant, although never ____ so.

____ example, during the 1950s and the early 1960s rehabilitative philosophies predominated.

The more conservative era of the 1980s revived a punitive ____ of “just deserts.”

However, during the 1960s retribution was not abandoned; neither ____ rehabilitation absent in the 1980s.

The major concern of ____ philosophy of punishment reflected the dominant correctional ideology.

While ideologies and their constitutive philosophies change over time, few are ____ totally abandoned, and newer versions of thinly disguised old ideas may gain renewed currency and popular acceptance.

The late twentieth and early twenty-first century have seen a reversion to harsh punitive philosophies as exemplified in the wide use of the “three strikes and you are out” laws and the increase in the use and widespread acceptance of the death sentence, yet the same period has welcomed a victim- and offender-centered ____ called “restorative justice” that aims to reintegrate offenders back into the community and correct the harm of those offended.

The philosophy of punishment reflects the prevailing correctional ideology of the time, but it does not completely reject old ideologies, as shown by ____ coexistence of punitive and restorative approaches across different eras.

Although animals devise a wide range of tricks to deceive their peers, they more often cheat by a much subtler means: free riding — that is, putting less effort into ____ group project than the other members of the group.

For instance, many young birds help their parents raise ____ siblings, a behavior estimated to occur in 3 – 8% of bird species in the world.

Helping allows young, inexperienced birds to learn critical survival skills, especially when they themselves are not ____ ready to strike out on their own.

Helping also benefits their fitness indirectly because they share, on average, half of their genes with any ____ the chicks in the nest.

(This aspect of evolution ____ known as kin selection.)

However, just ____ a half-full glass can be seen as half empty, so too are shared genes.

A 50% genetic similarity can also be seen ____ a 50% genetic difference.

This is why there is conflict as well as cooperation between the ____ birds and their siblings.

For this reason, helpers may not ____ their full effort into this communal reproductive enterprise.

In carrion ____ for example, as many as 27% of helpers are sluggish workers, contributing less effort than they can toward helping raise their siblings.

But if the dominant ____ are removed, these lazy helpers will immediately increase their efforts in feeding the chicks.

Clearly, they can be quite competent in food provisioning ____ they have to.

They are by no means born lazy; ____ simply avoid their duty when they can get away with it.