2026 수능특강 영어 Test 1 변형 (13-25번)

By giving an alarm ____, a babbler tells the predator that it has been spotted.

Once it has been spotted, the predator’s chances of launching a ____ attack are low, as the babbler can now seek cover.

Many species, from lizards to kangaroo rats, ____ predators in this way!

What keeps the ____ honest, guaranteeing its evolutionary stability?

Why don’t babblers emit these calls at frequent intervals, just in case there ____ to be a predator around?

____ reason is that the calls don’t always deter predators; they simply lower the odds of an attack.

If the prey has already been spotted by a predator, giving the call is ____.

But if the prey hasn’t been ____, then it just made its position known to any predators nearby and, since it doesn’t know where these predators might be, its chances of escape are low.

As a result, prey have an incentive to give the calls only when they have ____ spotted the predator, making the calls credible.

The theory of comparative ____ was first proposed by David Ricardo in 1817 when he demonstrated the idea by examining wine and cloth production in Portugal and England.

Both commodities could be produced in Portugal more easily than in England; however, the relative cost of production of the two ____ differed within each country.

In England, wine production was extremely difficult, but cloth was readily ____.

It could ____ be said that there were high opportunity costs for England to produce wine and it was better to focus on cloth making.

Although in ____ it was easy to produce both commodities, there was a comparative advantage in concentrating on the production of a surplus of wine to meet England’s demand, and trade it for English surplus cloth.

Specialization enabled ____ of scale to be secured and investment meant that a high-quality product could be delivered.

____ also benefited from the arrangement because, while the cost of its cloth production remained the same, it enjoyed access to a supply of wine produced more cheaply than was possible at home.

Sports, by their very design, are highly structured; they involve institutionally defined rules, give rise to a hierarchical authority pattern, and are ____ so over-regulated that they seem only nominally related to play.

Although it is commonly said that athletes “play” sports, the rules and customs that control the behaviors of athletes often distance sports from the ____ of play.

Sports represent the formalization of play, with every move closely examined and subjected to rules and ____ by game officials and league administrators.

The participants of sports (athletes, owners, ____, etc.) have an investment with the games they play.

Their very livelihoods are ____ upon success in the sports world.

Generally, the investment aspect of sport ____ the recreational, playful aspect of the game itself.

Thus, as Edwards noted decades ago, sport is ____ “anything but a diversion to its participants.

In fact, for many participants it is ____ that produces the primary stresses and strains in their lives.”

In a documentary film released in 2004, psycho-pharmacologist Candace Pert retells a story about the ____ and Montezuma.

The story, a reportedly factual account, essentially states that when the Spanish galleons approached, they were ____ to the Aztec people.

The reason was ____ that the Aztec had never seen ships of that nature.

When the Spanish approached the shore with their helmets on their heads, what the Aztec perceived were gods with golden helmets reflecting the sun as they ____ on water.

The Aztec welcomed them as gods, and of course ____ knows what happened.

According to the story, it took several ____ of just staring at the water where the Spanish arrived for one of the Aztec scholars to finally see the ships.

Arguably, this story illustrates how we fail to see what we see, either because of psychological defense strategies and/or the inability to ____ what is not already in the mind to see.

The basic aesthetic elements of cinema may be summarized as visual composition, lighting, movement, color, direction of action, editing, sound (dialogue, sound effects, and music), and ____ effects.

These elements of film craft may represent aspects of actual subjects in the real world, but they ____ also embody subjective perspectives communicated by the filmmaker.

For example, the angle of a ____ may make a subject appear more or less powerful, and a long take may convey a deeper sense of continuous reality than a series of quick cuts.

Sound ____ recorded in postproduction may add realism and emotional attachment to footage shot in the field without sync sound.

Adding a musical ____ may lend an emotional tone to a scene, reinforcing the message of the imagery.

Even in direct cinema — the most pure mode of documentary style, which often relies on long takes and ____ camera angles — the filmmaker still makes decisions about where to put the camera, when to move it, and when to make a cut.

There is no avoiding the conclusion that, as an art ____, cinema molds its own reality as much as it presents that of the world.

The term “big data” can be used to talk about the analytic techniques used to extract useful information from the massive ____ of data making up our digital form of life.

Over the ____ several decades, our analytic methods for information extraction have increased in sophistication along with the increasing size of the data sets we have to work with.

And these techniques have been put to a mind-boggling variety of uses, from ____ Street to science of all sorts.

A simple example is the data “exhaust” you are leaving as you read these ____ words on your e-reader or tablet.

How much of this book you ____, as well as the digital notes you take on it, is commercially available information, extracted from the trail of data you leave behind as you access it in the cloud.

Major online book-selling retailers use this sort of information to further ____ the types of products they market.

Recently when devastating wildfires caused widespread destruction across parts of the Pacific Northwest region of North America in the summers of 2018 and 2020, news organizations predictably focused on both the human dramas created by the ____ — and the climate change angle.

The latter is treated as the ____ worsening factor for the increase in fires.

To be sure climate has ____ a considerable factor.

Somewhat cooler, wetter weather, which was more recently the norm in the northwest, does not result in ____ fires of that scale.

But an important component of that story was largely bypassed in the rush to drama fueled by the emotionally-charged ____ change angle.

____ fires are also the result of poor forest management practices for over half a century.

Decades of suppression of naturally-occurring and regenerative wildfires ____ resulted in weaker, diseased and more combustible forests.

That combined with widespread clear-cutting of more fire-resistant old growth trees and their replacement with second growth species has also greatly ____ to the blazes.

Energy democracy is based on the fundamental principle that ____ production must not harm the environment or people.

This ____ obvious proposition comes with a radical outcome: planet-killing fossil fuels must be left in the ground.

But it is not enough simply to ____ to wind-, solar-, and tide-based renewable energy sources.

This is not, in other words, simply an issue of technological innovation — as the shift to renewable energy is so often represented by mainstream ____.

Advocates of energy democracy insist that everyone should have sufficient access to ____ energy sources.

____ the free market is notoriously unconcerned with such questions of equal access, energy democracy thus also implies that the means of power production must be socialized and democratized.

This ____ conceptualizing energy as a form of public goods rather than, as at present, a commodity produced by for-profit entities.

This shift makes sense since the ____ forms of renewable energy are predominantly produced in decentralized forms, making collective ownership of the means of production the most sensible way to regulate them, and to shift power to community and grassroots organizations.

Some groups of humans have ____ genetically isolated from the rest for a long time.

It has been argued that the San from southwestern Africa have been largely isolated for more ____ one hundred thousand years.

However, ____ culture shares with humans across the globe all the basic features that I shall associate with educability.

Like other groups, they have origin myths, deities, and stories about their deities, which all involve complex ____ systems that individuals acquire from others.

They also have sophisticated knowledge that enables ____ to survive in their desert environment.

For example, they traditionally hunt game using arrows poisoned by ____ from the roots of rare desert plants.

This hunting technique must have been difficult for an individual to ____, given that it uses knowledge that would be challenging to learn from experience.

Once invented, however, it is easy to pass the technique down from ____ to generation.

In a free society, ____ man is a self-owner.

No man is allowed to own the ____ or mind of another, that being the essence of slavery.

This condition completely rejects the basis for a law of defamation, i.e., libel (____ defamation) or slander (oral defamation).

For the basis of outlawing defamation is that every ____ has a “property in his own reputation” and that therefore any ill-intended or untruthful attack on him or his character (or even more, a truthful attack!) injures his reputation and therefore should be punished.

However, a man has no ____ objective property as “reputation.”

His reputation is simply what others think of ____, i.e., it is purely a function of the subjective thoughts of others.

But a man cannot own the minds or thoughts of ____.

Therefore, I cannot invade a man’s property right by criticizing him ____.

Further, since I do not ____ others’ minds, either, I cannot force anyone else to think less of the man because of my criticism.

Depending upon the historical era, the political context, and the emergence of fashionable theory in criminology, different philosophies of punishment arise and ____ dominant, although never exclusively so.

For example, during the ____ and the early 1960s rehabilitative philosophies predominated.

The more conservative era of the 1980s revived a punitive ____ of “just deserts.”

However, during the 1960s retribution was not abandoned; ____ was rehabilitation absent in the 1980s.

The ____ concern of the philosophy of punishment reflected the dominant correctional ideology.

While ideologies and their constitutive philosophies change over time, few are ever totally abandoned, and newer ____ of thinly disguised old ideas may gain renewed currency and popular acceptance.

The late twentieth and early twenty-first century have seen a reversion to harsh ____ philosophies as exemplified in the wide use of the “three strikes and you are out” laws and the increase in the use and widespread acceptance of the death sentence, yet the same period has welcomed a victim- and offender-centered approach called “restorative justice” that aims to reintegrate offenders back into the community and correct the harm of those offended.

The philosophy of ____ reflects the prevailing correctional ideology of the time, but it does not completely reject old ideologies, as shown by the coexistence of punitive and restorative approaches across different eras.

Although animals devise a wide range of tricks to deceive their peers, they more often cheat by a much subtler means: free riding — that is, ____ less effort into a group project than the other members of the group.

For instance, many young birds ____ their parents raise younger siblings, a behavior estimated to occur in 3 – 8% of bird species in the world.

Helping allows young, ____ birds to learn critical survival skills, especially when they themselves are not yet ready to strike out on their own.

Helping also benefits their fitness indirectly ____ they share, on average, half of their genes with any of the chicks in the nest.

(This aspect of ____ is known as kin selection.)

However, just as a half-full glass can be seen as half empty, so ____ are shared genes.

A 50% ____ similarity can also be seen as a 50% genetic difference.

This is why there is conflict as well as cooperation between the helper birds and their ____.

For this reason, helpers may not pour their full effort into this communal ____ enterprise.

In carrion crows, for example, as many as 27% of helpers are sluggish workers, contributing less effort than they can toward helping ____ their siblings.

But if the dominant breeders are removed, these lazy helpers will immediately increase their efforts in ____ the chicks.

Clearly, they can be quite competent in food ____ when they have to.

They are by no means born lazy; they ____ avoid their duty when they can get away with it.