2026 수능특강 영어 Test 2 변형 (15-25번)

Consider the following recent findings that relate to the basic spatial concept of ____.

Because moving around in space is a common physical experience, concepts such as “up” or “down” are immediately meaningful relative to one’s own ____.

The concrete experience of verticality serves as a perfect ____ for understanding abstract concepts, such as morality: Virtue is up, whereas depravity is down.

Good people are “high-minded” and “upstanding” citizens, whereas bad people are “underhanded” and the “____ life” of society.

Recent research by Brian Meier, Martin ____, and Dustin Wygant illustrated that research participants are faster to categorize moral words when presented in an up location and immoral words when presented in a down location.

Thus people intuitively relate the moral domain to verticality; however, Meier and colleagues also found that people who do not recognize moral norms — namely, psychopaths — ____ to show this effect.

A good example of the tremendous constraints of evolution ____ during episodes of great innovation is the vertebrate wing.

____ have been invented in many separate lineages.

The wings of ____, birds, and pterosaurs all evolved separately and therefore have big structural differences.

However, in all of ____ cases, the wing evolved from a forelimb.

Those animals lost many uses of their forelimbs in order to ____ wings.

Neither ____ nor bats can grasp things very well.

They have to awkwardly use their ____ and mouths to manipulate objects.

It would have been far better for those animals to grow wholly new wings while retaining their ____, but evolution rarely works that way.

For an ____ with a complex body plan, growing new limbs is not an option, but slowly reshaping existing limbs is.

Evolution is a constant game of ____.

Websites and apps and programs always break because the computers that they are on wear out and ____ to be updated. The world changes.

____ needs to be updated. When you host even a simple website with a company, that company will always go through management changes or be sold, or upgrade its servers, and something will inevitably be screwed up.

Every year that you run a software project, you accumulate technical ____ — the cost of maintaining the current software and adding on patches and fixes.

In a New York Times editorial, professors Andrew Russell and Lee Vinsel wrote that 60 percent of software development costs are spent on routine maintenance like bug ____ and upgrades.

Contrary to popular imagination, the enormous number of engineers and software developers that we’re projected to need in the workforce in the future is not needed for new and innovative projects; 70 percent of engineers work on maintaining existing products, not ____ new ones.

Does Earth really have a finite supply of mineral deposits? Many ____ do not think so.

They maintain that increased oil prices and new technology will make it possible to make use of deposits that are too low grade for ____ market.

In fact, this is exactly what has happened in the last few years with the development of shale-oil ____ in which fracking of source rocks yields oil.

Geologists agree that changes of this ____ are important, but they note that the volume of the crust is limited and that this places an ultimate limit on the conventional and even the new deposits that we can find.

So, although economists might win in the short run, geologists are right in the long run and in the meantime, we ____ to find the deposits that remain.

Why do consumers fail to buy innovative ____?

An explanation is supplied by behavioral economists such as 2002 Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman, who showed, with Amos Tversky, that consumers have a “loss aversion,” which means that they fear losses ____ more than gains of the same scale.

The ____ with introducing a new technology or applications is that it forces consumers to change their behavior, which is never easy.

Studies show that people tend to overvalue the benefits of the goods they own and know over ____ ones, by a factor of 3:1.

Innovators, at the same time, overvalue their new products by the same ____.

Having put their ideas, hopes, energy, money, and time into a new product, innovators tend to lose a sense of ____.

Taken together, there is a mismatch of 9:1 between what innovators ____ consumers want and what consumers truly desire.

A new product must therefore not be better by a small measure; rather, its gains must far outweigh the ____ losses, or consumers will not adopt it.

In a time when so much of our communication is electronically mediated, it is likely that we will communicate emotions through the written ____ in an e-mail, text, or instant message.

We may also still use pen and paper when sending someone a thank-you ____, a birthday card, or a sympathy card.

Communicating emotions through the written (or typed) word can have advantages ____ as time to compose your thoughts and convey the details of what you’re feeling.

____ are also disadvantages in that important context and nonverbal communication can’t be included.

Things like facial expressions and tone of voice ____ much insight into emotions that may not be expressed verbally.

There is also a lack of ____ feedback.

Sometimes people respond immediately to a ____ or e-mail, but think about how frustrating it is when you text someone and they don’t get back to you right away.

If you’re in need of emotional support or want validation of an emotional message you just sent, waiting for a response could end up ____ affecting your emotional state.

The medieval and Renaissance eras saw a rise in human exploitation of natural resources, which evolved into a concern for ____ generations.

The intellectual movement in Victorian ____ saw technology as “dehumanizing,” causing people to romanticize rural life in medieval Europe.

____ of these views persist today.

They have found refuge in sections of the environmental movement that assert that nature is better ____ by excluding human activity.

Supporters of this view maintain that rapid technological innovation is the main source of ecological degradation and that efforts should be made to slow it ____.

This view, though credible at ____ value, confuses technological advancement with the impacts of specific technologies.

A rigid adherence to the ____ would prevent the use of technology and engineering in key areas where it is essential for environmental management.

For example, chemistry has given the world industries that have resulted in ecological ____.

But many of the same scientific ____ are now being used in “green chemistry.”

Between 1910 and 1930, the number of U.S. dailies fell from 2,200 to 1,942. More significantly, the number of ____ with competing daily papers fell from 689 to 288 during this same period.

Part of the reason was competition: the high ____ of equipment combined with circulation wars killed many papers.

____ part of the reason, though, was the desire of the largest newspaper owners to reduce competition in the various cities in which they operated.

These owners tried to ensure that they ____ attract most of the daily circulation, and therefore most of the advertising money, by buying and killing off other newspapers in places where they owned papers.

The result was the creation of ____ newspaper chains, companies that owned a number of papers around the nation.

By 1933, the six most powerful chains — Hearst, Scripps-Howard, Patterson-McCormick, Block, Ridder, and Gannett —controlled about ____ of all daily circulation in the United States.

____ alone controlled almost 14 percent of daily and 24 percent of Sunday circulation in 1935.

The huge advantage of automatic processing of information in our environment is that it helps us get through a great many decisions with almost no ____.

However, there are ____ serious disadvantages.

With so many messages constantly available, we are overwhelmed and begin to think that the value of any one message is almost nothing, so we make poor exposure decisions and while we are exposing ourselves to more and more messages, we are paying less and less attention to them. With reduced concentration, our increased exposure does ____ translate into increased learning.

In fact, the opposite is true: it is likely that the more time people spend with the media in general, the less likely they are to learn from any one message, especially with the multitasking further reducing attention to any ____ message.

With so many ____ and so many exposures, the value of any one message keeps getting reduced.

While automatic information processing facilitates ____, it also leads to an excessive availability of messages, which in turn diminishes the perceived value of any single message and the likelihood that we learn from it.

The tendency to deal with threat by ignoring or denying the problem can appear in normal individuals, but ____ under certain conditions.

For the ____ part, fear-arousing communications usually stimulate recipients to take actions to reduce the threat.

For instance, a lecture to French teenagers about the dangers of ____ was significantly more effective in changing attitudes and behaviors toward drinking when accompanied by fear-arousing versus neutral pictures.

However, there is an exception to this general rule: When the danger described in the fear-producing message is severe but the recipients are told of no effective means of reducing the danger — self-restraint, ____, exercise, diet, or the like — they may deal with the fear by “blocking out” the message or denying that it applies to them.

As a result, they may take no ____ action.

This helps ____ why it is important to accompany high-fear messages with specific recommendations for behavior that will diminish the danger:

The more clearly people see behavioral means for ridding ____ of the fear, the less they will need to resort to psychological means such as denial.

The lesson: Don’t try to ____ people through fear without giving them specific steps to handle the fear.

This ____ to your letter designed to convince citizens of the dangers of high speed limits.

Vividly describing the highway mayhem these high speed limits allow should be effective as long as you also describe specific steps recipients can take to reduce the danger, such as contributing to relevant political action groups or calling relevant legislators (whose phone numbers you ____ provide).