2026 수능특강 영어 Test 1 변형 (13-25번)

____ giving an alarm call, a babbler tells the predator that it has been spotted.

Once it has been spotted, the predator’s chances of launching a successful attack are ____ as the babbler can now seek cover.

____ species, from lizards to kangaroo rats, warn predators in this way!

What ____ the signal honest, guaranteeing its evolutionary stability?

Why ____ babblers emit these calls at frequent intervals, just in case there happens to be a predator around?

One reason is that the calls don’t always ____ predators; they simply lower the odds of an attack.

If the prey has already been spotted by a predator, giving the ____ is worthwhile.

But if the prey hasn’t been spotted, then it just made its position known to any predators nearby and, since ____ doesn’t know where these predators might be, its chances of escape are low.

As a result, prey have an incentive to give the calls only when they ____ actually spotted the predator, making the calls credible.

The theory of comparative advantage was first proposed by David Ricardo in 1817 when he demonstrated the idea by examining wine and ____ production in Portugal and England.

Both commodities could be produced in Portugal more easily than in England; however, the relative cost of production of ____ two goods differed within each country.

In England, ____ production was extremely difficult, but cloth was readily manufactured.

It could therefore be said that there were high opportunity costs for England to produce ____ and it was better to focus on cloth making.

Although in Portugal it was easy to produce both commodities, there ____ a comparative advantage in concentrating on the production of a surplus of wine to meet England’s demand, and trade it for English surplus cloth.

Specialization enabled economies of ____ to be secured and investment meant that a high-quality product could be delivered.

England also benefited from the arrangement because, while the cost of its cloth production remained the ____ it enjoyed access to a supply of wine produced more cheaply than was possible at home.

Sports, by their very design, are highly structured; they involve institutionally defined rules, ____ rise to a hierarchical authority pattern, and are often so over-regulated that they seem only nominally related to play.

Although it is commonly said that athletes “play” sports, the rules and customs that control ____ behaviors of athletes often distance sports from the domain of play.

Sports represent the formalization of play, with every move closely examined and subjected to rules and rules-interpretation by ____ officials and league administrators.

The participants of sports (athletes, ____ trainers, etc.) have an investment with the games they play.

Their very livelihoods are ____ upon success in the sports world.

Generally, the investment aspect of sport ____ the recreational, playful aspect of the game itself.

Thus, as Edwards noted ____ ago, sport is often “anything but a diversion to its participants.

In fact, ____ many participants it is sport that produces the primary stresses and strains in their lives.”

In a documentary film released in 2004, psycho-pharmacologist Candace Pert retells a story ____ the conquistadors and Montezuma.

The story, a reportedly factual account, essentially states that when the Spanish galleons approached, ____ were invisible to the Aztec people.

The ____ was simply that the Aztec had never seen ships of that nature.

When the Spanish approached the ____ with their helmets on their heads, what the Aztec perceived were gods with golden helmets reflecting the sun as they walked on water.

The Aztec welcomed them as gods, and ____ course everyone knows what happened.

According to the story, it took several days of just ____ at the water where the Spanish arrived for one of the Aztec scholars to finally see the ships.

Arguably, this story illustrates how we fail ____ see what we see, either because of psychological defense strategies and/or the inability to see what is not already in the mind to see.

The basic aesthetic elements of ____ may be summarized as visual composition, lighting, movement, color, direction of action, editing, sound (dialogue, sound effects, and music), and special effects.

These elements of film ____ may represent aspects of actual subjects in the real world, but they may also embody subjective perspectives communicated by the filmmaker.

For example, the angle of a shot may make a subject appear more or less powerful, and a long take may convey ____ deeper sense of continuous reality than a series of quick cuts.

Sound effects recorded in postproduction may add realism and emotional attachment to footage shot in the field ____ sync sound.

Adding a musical soundtrack may lend an emotional tone to a scene, ____ the message of the imagery.

Even in direct cinema — the ____ pure mode of documentary style, which often relies on long takes and neutral camera angles — the filmmaker still makes decisions about where to put the camera, when to move it, and when to make a cut.

There is no avoiding the ____ that, as an art form, cinema molds its own reality as much as it presents that of the world.

The term “big data” can be used to talk about the analytic techniques used to extract useful information ____ the massive amount of data making up our digital form of life.

Over the last several decades, our analytic methods for information extraction have increased in sophistication along ____ the increasing size of the data sets we have to work with.

And these techniques have been put to a mind-boggling variety of uses, from Wall Street to science of ____ sorts.

A simple example is the data “exhaust” you are leaving as you ____ these very words on your e-reader or tablet.

How much of this book you read, as well as the digital notes you take on it, is commercially available information, extracted from ____ trail of data you leave behind as you access it in the cloud.

____ online book-selling retailers use this sort of information to further target the types of products they market.

Recently when devastating wildfires caused widespread destruction across parts of the Pacific Northwest region of North America in the summers of 2018 and ____ news organizations predictably focused on both the human dramas created by the blazes — and the climate change angle.

The latter is treated as the sole worsening ____ for the increase in fires.

To be sure climate ____ been a considerable factor.

Somewhat cooler, wetter weather, which was more recently the norm in the ____ does not result in uncontrollable fires of that scale.

But an important component of that story was largely bypassed in the rush to ____ fueled by the emotionally-charged climate change angle.

Those fires are also the result of poor forest ____ practices for over half a century.

Decades of suppression of naturally-occurring and ____ wildfires have resulted in weaker, diseased and more combustible forests.

____ combined with widespread clear-cutting of more fire-resistant old growth trees and their replacement with second growth species has also greatly contributed to the blazes.

Energy democracy is based on the fundamental principle that energy production must not harm the environment or ____

This seemingly obvious proposition ____ with a radical outcome: planet-killing fossil fuels must be left in the ground.

But it is not enough simply to switch to wind-, ____ and tide-based renewable energy sources.

This is not, in other words, simply an ____ of technological innovation — as the shift to renewable energy is so often represented by mainstream commentators.

Advocates of energy democracy insist that everyone should have sufficient access to renewable ____ sources.

Since the free market is notoriously unconcerned with such questions of equal access, energy democracy thus also implies ____ the means of power production must be socialized and democratized.

This involves conceptualizing energy as a form of public goods rather than, as at ____ a commodity produced by for-profit entities.

This shift makes sense since the new forms of renewable energy are predominantly produced in decentralized forms, making collective ownership of the means of production the ____ sensible way to regulate them, and to shift power to community and grassroots organizations.

Some ____ of humans have been genetically isolated from the rest for a long time.

It has been argued that the San ____ southwestern Africa have been largely isolated for more than one hundred thousand years.

However, San culture ____ with humans across the globe all the basic features that I shall associate with educability.

Like other groups, they have origin myths, deities, and stories about their deities, which all involve complex ____ systems that individuals acquire from others.

They also have sophisticated knowledge that enables them ____ survive in their desert environment.

For example, they traditionally hunt game using arrows poisoned by extracts from the roots of ____ desert plants.

This hunting technique must have been difficult for an individual to invent, given that it uses knowledge that would be challenging ____ learn from experience.

Once invented, however, it is easy to pass the technique ____ from generation to generation.

In a ____ society, every man is a self-owner.

____ man is allowed to own the body or mind of another, that being the essence of slavery.

This condition completely rejects the basis ____ a law of defamation, i.e., libel (written defamation) or slander (oral defamation).

For the basis of outlawing defamation is that every man has a “property in his own reputation” and that therefore any ill-intended or untruthful attack on him or his character (or even more, a truthful attack!) injures his reputation and therefore should ____ punished.

However, a man has no such objective ____ as “reputation.”

His reputation is simply what others ____ of him, i.e., it is purely a function of the subjective thoughts of others.

But a man cannot own the ____ or thoughts of others.

Therefore, ____ cannot invade a man’s property right by criticizing him publicly.

Further, since ____ do not own others’ minds, either, I cannot force anyone else to think less of the man because of my criticism.

Depending upon the historical era, the political context, and the emergence of fashionable theory in criminology, different philosophies of punishment arise and become dominant, although ____ exclusively so.

For example, during the 1950s and ____ early 1960s rehabilitative philosophies predominated.

The more conservative era of the 1980s revived a punitive ____ of “just deserts.”

However, during the 1960s ____ was not abandoned; neither was rehabilitation absent in the 1980s.

The ____ concern of the philosophy of punishment reflected the dominant correctional ideology.

While ideologies and their constitutive philosophies change over time, few are ever ____ abandoned, and newer versions of thinly disguised old ideas may gain renewed currency and popular acceptance.

The late twentieth and early twenty-first century have seen a reversion to harsh punitive philosophies as exemplified in the wide use of the “three strikes and you are out” laws and the increase in the use and widespread acceptance of the death sentence, ____ the same period has welcomed a victim- and offender-centered approach called “restorative justice” that aims to reintegrate offenders back into the community and correct the harm of those offended.

The philosophy of punishment reflects the prevailing correctional ideology of the time, ____ it does not completely reject old ideologies, as shown by the coexistence of punitive and restorative approaches across different eras.

Although animals devise a wide range of tricks to deceive their peers, they ____ often cheat by a much subtler means: free riding — that is, putting less effort into a group project than the other members of the group.

For ____ many young birds help their parents raise younger siblings, a behavior estimated to occur in 3 – 8% of bird species in the world.

Helping allows young, ____ birds to learn critical survival skills, especially when they themselves are not yet ready to strike out on their own.

Helping also benefits their fitness indirectly because they share, on average, half of their genes with any of the chicks ____ the nest.

(This aspect ____ evolution is known as kin selection.)

However, just as a half-full glass can be seen as half empty, ____ too are shared genes.

A 50% genetic similarity can also be seen as ____ 50% genetic difference.

This is why there is conflict as well as cooperation between the helper birds and ____ siblings.

For ____ reason, helpers may not pour their full effort into this communal reproductive enterprise.

In carrion crows, for example, as many as 27% of helpers are sluggish workers, contributing less effort than they can toward helping ____ their siblings.

But if the dominant breeders are removed, these lazy helpers will immediately increase their efforts ____ feeding the chicks.

Clearly, they can be quite competent in food provisioning when ____ have to.

They are by no means born lazy; they simply avoid their duty ____ they can get away with it.