2026 수능특강 영어 Test 1 변형 (13-25번)

By giving an alarm call, a babbler tells the predator that it ____ been spotted.

____ it has been spotted, the predator’s chances of launching a successful attack are low, as the babbler can now seek cover.

Many ____, from lizards to kangaroo rats, warn predators in this way!

What keeps the signal honest, guaranteeing its ____ stability?

Why don’t babblers emit these calls at frequent intervals, just in case there ____ to be a predator around?

One reason is that the calls don’t always deter ____; they simply lower the odds of an attack.

If the prey has ____ been spotted by a predator, giving the call is worthwhile.

But if the prey hasn’t been spotted, then it just made its position known to any predators nearby and, since it doesn’t know where these predators might be, ____ chances of escape are low.

As a result, prey have an incentive to give the calls only when they have actually spotted the predator, making the ____ credible.

The theory of comparative advantage was first proposed by David Ricardo in 1817 when he demonstrated the idea by examining wine and cloth production in Portugal and ____.

Both commodities could be produced in Portugal more easily than in England; however, the relative ____ of production of the two goods differed within each country.

In England, wine ____ was extremely difficult, but cloth was readily manufactured.

It could therefore be ____ that there were high opportunity costs for England to produce wine and it was better to focus on cloth making.

Although in Portugal it was easy to produce both commodities, there was a comparative advantage in concentrating on the production of a ____ of wine to meet England’s demand, and trade it for English surplus cloth.

Specialization enabled economies of scale to be secured and investment ____ that a high-quality product could be delivered.

England also benefited from the arrangement because, while the cost of its cloth production ____ the same, it enjoyed access to a supply of wine produced more cheaply than was possible at home.

Sports, by their very design, are highly structured; they involve institutionally defined rules, give rise to a hierarchical authority pattern, and are often so over-regulated that they seem ____ nominally related to play.

Although it is ____ said that athletes “play” sports, the rules and customs that control the behaviors of athletes often distance sports from the domain of play.

Sports represent the formalization of play, with every ____ closely examined and subjected to rules and rules-interpretation by game officials and league administrators.

The participants of sports (athletes, owners, trainers, ____.) have an investment with the games they play.

Their very livelihoods are dependent upon success in the ____ world.

Generally, the investment aspect of sport outweighs the recreational, ____ aspect of the game itself.

Thus, as Edwards noted decades ago, sport is often “____ but a diversion to its participants.

In fact, for many participants it is sport that produces the ____ stresses and strains in their lives.”

In a documentary film released in ____, psycho-pharmacologist Candace Pert retells a story about the conquistadors and Montezuma.

The story, a reportedly factual account, essentially states that ____ the Spanish galleons approached, they were invisible to the Aztec people.

The reason was simply that the ____ had never seen ships of that nature.

When the Spanish approached the ____ with their helmets on their heads, what the Aztec perceived were gods with golden helmets reflecting the sun as they walked on water.

The Aztec welcomed ____ as gods, and of course everyone knows what happened.

According to the story, it took several days of just staring at the water where the Spanish arrived for one of the Aztec ____ to finally see the ships.

Arguably, this story illustrates how we fail to see what we see, either because of psychological defense strategies and/or the inability to ____ what is not already in the mind to see.

The basic aesthetic elements of cinema may be summarized as visual composition, lighting, movement, color, direction of ____, editing, sound (dialogue, sound effects, and music), and special effects.

These elements of film craft may represent aspects of actual subjects in the real world, but they may also embody ____ perspectives communicated by the filmmaker.

For example, the angle of a shot may make a subject appear more or less powerful, and a long take may convey a deeper sense of continuous reality than a series of ____ cuts.

Sound effects ____ in postproduction may add realism and emotional attachment to footage shot in the field without sync sound.

Adding a ____ soundtrack may lend an emotional tone to a scene, reinforcing the message of the imagery.

Even in direct cinema — the most pure mode of documentary style, which often relies on long takes and neutral camera angles — the filmmaker ____ makes decisions about where to put the camera, when to move it, and when to make a cut.

There is no avoiding the conclusion that, as an ____ form, cinema molds its own reality as much as it presents that of the world.

The term “____ data” can be used to talk about the analytic techniques used to extract useful information from the massive amount of data making up our digital form of life.

Over the last several decades, our analytic methods for information extraction have increased in ____ along with the increasing size of the data sets we have to work with.

And these techniques ____ been put to a mind-boggling variety of uses, from Wall Street to science of all sorts.

A simple example is the data “exhaust” you are leaving as ____ read these very words on your e-reader or tablet.

How much of this book you read, as well as the digital notes you take on it, is commercially available information, extracted from the trail of data you leave behind as you access it in the ____.

Major ____ book-selling retailers use this sort of information to further target the types of products they market.

Recently when devastating wildfires caused widespread destruction across parts of the Pacific Northwest region of North America in the ____ of 2018 and 2020, news organizations predictably focused on both the human dramas created by the blazes — and the climate change angle.

The latter is ____ as the sole worsening factor for the increase in fires.

To be sure climate has been a considerable ____.

Somewhat cooler, ____ weather, which was more recently the norm in the northwest, does not result in uncontrollable fires of that scale.

But an important component of that story was largely bypassed in the rush to ____ fueled by the emotionally-charged climate change angle.

Those ____ are also the result of poor forest management practices for over half a century.

Decades of suppression of naturally-occurring and ____ wildfires have resulted in weaker, diseased and more combustible forests.

That combined with widespread clear-cutting of more fire-resistant old growth trees and their replacement with ____ growth species has also greatly contributed to the blazes.

Energy democracy is based on the fundamental principle that energy production must not harm the ____ or people.

This seemingly obvious proposition comes with a radical ____: planet-killing fossil fuels must be left in the ground.

But it is not enough simply to ____ to wind-, solar-, and tide-based renewable energy sources.

This is not, in other words, simply an issue of technological innovation — as the shift to renewable energy is so often ____ by mainstream commentators.

Advocates of energy democracy insist that everyone should ____ sufficient access to renewable energy sources.

Since the free market is notoriously unconcerned with such questions of equal ____, energy democracy thus also implies that the means of power production must be socialized and democratized.

This involves conceptualizing energy as a form of public goods rather than, as at ____, a commodity produced by for-profit entities.

This shift makes sense since the new forms of renewable energy are predominantly produced in decentralized forms, ____ collective ownership of the means of production the most sensible way to regulate them, and to shift power to community and grassroots organizations.

Some groups of humans have been genetically ____ from the rest for a long time.

It has been argued that the San from southwestern Africa have been largely ____ for more than one hundred thousand years.

However, San ____ shares with humans across the globe all the basic features that I shall associate with educability.

Like other groups, they have origin myths, deities, and stories ____ their deities, which all involve complex belief systems that individuals acquire from others.

They also have sophisticated knowledge that enables them to ____ in their desert environment.

For example, they ____ hunt game using arrows poisoned by extracts from the roots of rare desert plants.

This hunting technique must have been difficult for an individual to invent, given that it uses knowledge that would be challenging to learn ____ experience.

Once invented, ____, it is easy to pass the technique down from generation to generation.

In a free ____, every man is a self-owner.

No man is allowed to ____ the body or mind of another, that being the essence of slavery.

This condition completely rejects the basis for a law of ____, i.e., libel (written defamation) or slander (oral defamation).

For the basis of outlawing defamation is that every man has a “property in his own reputation” and that therefore any ill-intended or untruthful attack on him or his character (or even more, a truthful attack!) injures his reputation and ____ should be punished.

However, a man has no such ____ property as “reputation.”

His reputation is simply what others think of him, i.e., it is ____ a function of the subjective thoughts of others.

But a man cannot own the minds or thoughts of ____.

Therefore, I cannot invade a man’s property right by criticizing ____ publicly.

Further, since I do ____ own others’ minds, either, I cannot force anyone else to think less of the man because of my criticism.

Depending upon the historical era, the political context, and the emergence of ____ theory in criminology, different philosophies of punishment arise and become dominant, although never exclusively so.

For example, during the 1950s and the early ____ rehabilitative philosophies predominated.

The more conservative era of the 1980s revived a ____ model of “just deserts.”

However, during the 1960s retribution was not abandoned; ____ was rehabilitation absent in the 1980s.

The major concern of the philosophy of punishment reflected the dominant correctional ____.

While ideologies and their constitutive philosophies change over time, few are ____ totally abandoned, and newer versions of thinly disguised old ideas may gain renewed currency and popular acceptance.

The late twentieth and early twenty-first century have seen a reversion to harsh punitive philosophies as exemplified in the wide use of the “three strikes and you are out” laws and the increase in the use and widespread acceptance of the death sentence, yet the same period has welcomed a victim- and offender-centered approach called “restorative justice” that aims to reintegrate offenders back into the community and correct the ____ of those offended.

The philosophy of punishment reflects the prevailing correctional ideology of the time, but it does not completely reject old ideologies, as shown by the coexistence of punitive and restorative ____ across different eras.

Although animals devise a wide ____ of tricks to deceive their peers, they more often cheat by a much subtler means: free riding — that is, putting less effort into a group project than the other members of the group.

For instance, many young birds help their parents ____ younger siblings, a behavior estimated to occur in 3 – 8% of bird species in the world.

Helping allows young, inexperienced birds to learn critical ____ skills, especially when they themselves are not yet ready to strike out on their own.

Helping also benefits their fitness indirectly because they share, on average, ____ of their genes with any of the chicks in the nest.

(This aspect of evolution is known as kin ____.)

However, just as a ____ glass can be seen as half empty, so too are shared genes.

A 50% genetic similarity can also be seen as a 50% genetic ____.

This is why there is conflict as well as cooperation between the helper birds and their ____.

For this reason, helpers may not pour their full effort ____ this communal reproductive enterprise.

In carrion crows, for example, as ____ as 27% of helpers are sluggish workers, contributing less effort than they can toward helping raise their siblings.

But if the dominant ____ are removed, these lazy helpers will immediately increase their efforts in feeding the chicks.

Clearly, they ____ be quite competent in food provisioning when they have to.

They are by no means born lazy; they simply avoid their duty ____ they can get away with it.