2026 수능특강 영어 Test 3 변형 (14-25번)

We seem to edit our memories of pain, ____ often differ from the pain we actually experienced.

In experiments, and after medical procedures, people overlook a pain’s ____.

Their memory snapshots instead record two factors: First, people tend to record pain’s peak moment, which can lead them to recall ____ pain, with peaks, as worse.

Second, they register how much pain they felt at the end, as Daniel Kahneman and his co-researchers discovered when they asked people to dip one hand in painfully cold water for 60 seconds, and then the other hand in the same painfully cold water for 60 ____ followed by a slightly less painful 30 seconds more.

Which of these experiences would ____ expect to recall as most painful?

Curiously, when asked which trial they would prefer to repeat, most preferred the longer trial, with more net pain — but less ____ at the end.

A physician used this principle with patients undergoing colon exams — lengthening the discomfort by a minute, but lessening ____ intensity.

Although the extended milder ____ added to their net pain experience, patients who received this taper-down treatment later recalled the exam as less painful than did those whose pain ended suddenly.

A subtle difference in cultural ____ of intellectual adaptation that can make a noticeable difference in children’s cognitive task performance can be found in how a language names its numbers.

Today, most cultures in the world use a system with the concept of zero, negative numbers, and the possibility to enumerate quantities from ____ to infinity.

Some cultures, however, have a more limited way of expressing quantities (for example, only having number words for one, two, and ____), and this influences their ability to perform basic arithmetic operations.

For instance, adult speakers of two Amazonia languages (Piraha and Munduruku) have no number ____ for quantities larger than five.

As a result, they perform arithmetic tasks involving small quantities easily, but they perform ____ on tasks involving larger quantities.

Piraha children who learn Portuguese, however, are able to perform arithmetic calculations with larger quantities, supporting the interpretation that the language’s ability to represent numbers is ____ for the pattern of numerical thinking in these cultures.

Poetry is the domain in which the play ____ the abstract and the concrete is essential.

Like mathematics, poetry is an ongoing dialogue between individual instances and generalizations, between the tangible and the ____, the low and the high.

Metaphor, for example, is such a game: from the ____ to the general, and back.

The poet thinks of something ____, say, his lover’s eyes.

In his excitement, he wishes to give this a more general dimension, and he thinks about the general characteristics of ____: softness, or their shape.

In the next step, he returns to something else that is worldly, which has similar qualities: “Your eyes are ____.”

____ that the last shot in this game is in the direction of the tangible.

This is a general feature of the poetical ping-pong: the ____ of the poem is given to the concrete, and it is in this direction that the poem goes.

This is the diametric opposite of the ping-pong of ____, in which the last shot is always toward the abstract.

It is a classic mistake to think that nature will make sure that the actual outcomes will ____ match the theoretical probability of those outcomes.

We all know that flipping coins will give an equal chance of heads or tails; if we flip a coin a great many ____, the proportion of tails will be close to 50 percent.

Yet many of us make the ____ of believing that, when heads comes up three times in a row, the probability that next time it will be tails is greater than the probability that it will be heads.

However, the coin has no memory; it will fall either way with a ____ of 50 percent.

This bias is also found when professionals carry out repetitive tasks: judges ____ on requests for asylum, loan officers in a bank granting credit, or baseball umpires calling strikes, all tend to make decisions that “compensate” for their recent decisions.

In ____ words, a decision one way is more likely if the preceding decision went in the opposite direction.

The contemporary concept of a library is multifaceted, especially in terms of different structural ____ and scopes.

The most popular, especially in the Western world, are the national libraries, which retain their historical ____ as visible national cultural assets.

They are housed in monumental buildings that become the symbolic landmark of their contents: the cultural memory of an ____ nation.

Their architectural form must be reminiscent of a stable, long-lasting structure that reinforces national identity and symbolizes a ____ shield for collective historical cultural production.

Like historical or modern palaces, national ____ were built as architectural references to show their role as identifiable repositories and to reflect the importance of their collections in proving the perceived knowledge of the nation.

Copying ____ others, whether accurately or not, is a time-honored method of acquiring alternatives.

We do this when we adopt the fashions, ____, and party games of our neighbors.

We do it ____ international borders, when we adopt the foods, music, and religious rituals of other nations.

After all, pizza and ice cream were appropriated from Italy, the music of “The Star Spangled Banner” from an ____ drinking song, and the Christmas tree from Germany.

When ____ arrives from external sources, we call it cultural diffusion.

This was probably how the ____ reached Greece, where it was transcribed in a new way.

It was probably how agriculture spread from the Middle ____ into northern Europe.

Sometimes it is ____ clear whether an innovation was introduced by arrival of migrating individuals or the acceptance of new ideas.

Thus, with respect to farming, was it ____ north by relocating farmers or did indigenous peoples embrace a successful mode of production observed in neighboring communities?

We may never know, but the odds are that both ____ of transmission played a role.

The fact that our ____ can so fundamentally alter the effectiveness of a drug provides a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry.

Drugs are rolled out on to the market once they have been ____ and shown to be effective but not harmful.

This means they have been demonstrated to be more effective ____ a control baseline condition where people expected the benefits of a drug but receive a placebo instead.

____, it is important to note that this placebo effect is equal across both conditions.

Whether people are taking the actual drug or a fake drug, they are still experiencing the psychological effect of pill taking, and this makes ____ feel better independently of any actual pharmacological effects.

This means that ____ we take an aspirin we are not only getting the benefits of the medication, we are also getting the psychological benefit of the expectation that taking the pill will make our pain better.

Shifting our expectation can almost totally undermine the effects of the medication, and our expectations ____ sometimes have a stronger effect than the drug itself.

The notion of personal — that is, psychological — development has some parallels with physical development, in that both occur through an ____ process of maturation.

____ difference, though, is that psychological development is more likely to continue throughout the lifespan, or through a greater portion of it.

If ____ graphed physical development, it would look like an inverted U.

____ capacities mature up to some peak and then gradually decline.

Psychological capacities can also decline due, for instance, to aging-related cortical ____.

But qualities ____ as spirituality and wisdom may build unto death, possibly making up for what is lost physically.

Indeed, some studies suggest that overall well-being, incorporating all of the physical and psychological factors that make people feel well, tends to fall in middle age before rising again as ____ enter old age.

It is a testament to the power and possibility of lifelong psychological development that subjective well-being may improve even as the ____ is diminished.

Odor molecules come in many ____ and sizes — so many, in fact, that it takes many different receptors to detect them.

A large family of genes designs the 350 or so receptor proteins that ____ particular odor molecules.

Richard Axel and ____ Buck discovered (in work for which they received a 2004 Nobel Prize) that these receptor proteins are located on the surface of nasal cavity neurons.

As a key ____ into a lock, so odor molecules slip into these receptors.

____ we don’t seem to have a distinct receptor for each detectable odor.

This suggests that ____ odors trigger a combination of receptors, in patterns that are interpreted by the olfactory cortex.

As the English alphabet’s 26 letters ____ combine to form many words, so odor molecules bind to different receptor clusters, producing the 10,000 odors we can detect.

It is the combinations of olfactory receptors, which activate different neuron patterns, that allow us to ____ between the smells of fresh-brewed and hours-old coffee.

In one experiment, 156 housewives in Palo Alto, California, were called on the phone and asked to do something the researchers guessed that most people would rather not do: allow a team of six men ____ a consumer group to come into their homes for two hours “to list and classify all the household products you have.”

The ____ were told that the men would need full freedom to go through the house exploring cupboards and storage spaces.

Few women (____ 22%) complied.

However, another group of women was contacted twice, once with a small request designed simply to get a “____ in the door” — they were asked to answer a series of eight questions about household soaps (such as “What brand of soap do you use in your kitchen sink?”).

It was such a minor favor that nearly everyone ____.

Three days ____, these women were contacted by the same consumer group, but now with the larger, home-visit request.

Under these circumstances, 52% of the women agreed to allow the team of men to go through their ____ and closets for two hours.

According to the above experiment, housewives’ ____ to accept the request to permit an unwelcome home visit by a consumer group significantly decreased when the request was preceded by a minor one.

According to the Green Press Initiative, a non-profit organization promoting environmental sustainability in the publishing industry, approximately 30 million trees are used each ____ to make paper for books and newspapers that are sold in the United States.

The same industry ____ 153 gallons of water annually.

As a Greenpeace campaign in 2006 revealed, illegal logging of ancient forests in Finland and Canada was often a result of our ____ for paper, specifically our demand for books.

Enter the e-reader and e-books, and we should have a way to read that doesn’t ____ a negative impact on the environment, right?

It’s ____ — although e-readers do reduce deforestation and greenhouse gas emissions, there are various other factors including supply chain considerations such as mining, shipping, and manufacturing, as well as energy consumption that actually prevent the e-reader from being the obvious best substitute for books.

____ books are also stored in data centers connected to the electricity network, which in the United States are usually powered by unsustainable energy sources.

Enthusiastic readers that are likely to read over 60 to 70 books on their e-readers can ____ assured that they are offsetting the environmental impacts of their e-readers.

But if you’re not planning on reading that much, look for books that are either printed on ____ percent postconsumer waste recycled or Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)- certified paper, or for those that were produced by a publisher that signed the Book Industry Treatise on Environmentally Responsible Publishing.

____ yet, renew your library card or start a book-sharing club with friends.