2026 수능특강 영어 Test 2 변형 (15-25번)

Consider the ____ recent findings that relate to the basic spatial concept of verticality.

Because moving around in space is a common physical experience, concepts such as “up” or “down” are immediately ____ relative to one’s own body.

The concrete experience of verticality serves as a perfect scaffold for understanding abstract concepts, such as morality: Virtue is up, whereas depravity is ____.

____ people are “high-minded” and “upstanding” citizens, whereas bad people are “underhanded” and the “low life” of society.

Recent research by Brian Meier, Martin Sellbom, and ____ Wygant illustrated that research participants are faster to categorize moral words when presented in an up location and immoral words when presented in a down location.

Thus people intuitively relate the moral domain to verticality; however, Meier and colleagues also found that people who do ____ recognize moral norms — namely, psychopaths — fail to show this effect.

A good example of the tremendous constraints of evolution even ____ episodes of great innovation is the vertebrate wing.

Wings ____ been invented in many separate lineages.

The wings of bats, birds, and ____ all evolved separately and therefore have big structural differences.

However, in all of those cases, the wing ____ from a forelimb.

Those animals lost many uses of their ____ in order to get wings.

Neither birds nor ____ can grasp things very well.

They have to awkwardly use their feet and mouths to ____ objects.

It would have been far better for those animals to grow wholly new wings ____ retaining their forelimbs, but evolution rarely works that way.

For an animal with a complex body ____, growing new limbs is not an option, but slowly reshaping existing limbs is.

Evolution is a constant game of ____.

____ and apps and programs always break because the computers that they are on wear out and need to be updated. The world changes.

Software needs to be updated. When you host even a simple website with a company, that company ____ always go through management changes or be sold, or upgrade its servers, and something will inevitably be screwed up.

Every year that you run a software project, ____ accumulate technical debt — the cost of maintaining the current software and adding on patches and fixes.

In a New York Times editorial, professors Andrew Russell and Lee Vinsel wrote that 60 percent of software ____ costs are spent on routine maintenance like bug fixes and upgrades.

Contrary to popular imagination, the enormous number of engineers and software developers that we’re projected to need in the workforce in the future is not needed for new and innovative projects; 70 percent of engineers work on maintaining existing products, ____ making new ones.

Does Earth really have a finite supply of mineral deposits? Many economists do not ____ so.

They maintain that increased oil prices and new technology will make it possible to make use of deposits that are too low grade for today’s ____.

In fact, this is exactly ____ has happened in the last few years with the development of shale-oil fields in which fracking of source rocks yields oil.

Geologists agree that changes of this type are important, but they note that the volume of the crust is limited and that this places an ultimate limit on the conventional and even the new deposits that we ____ find.

So, although economists might win in the short run, geologists are right in the long run and in the meantime, we ____ to find the deposits that remain.

Why do consumers fail to buy ____ products?

An explanation is supplied by behavioral economists such as 2002 Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman, who showed, with Amos Tversky, that consumers have a “loss aversion,” which ____ that they fear losses much more than gains of the same scale.

The problem with introducing a new ____ or applications is that it forces consumers to change their behavior, which is never easy.

____ show that people tend to overvalue the benefits of the goods they own and know over new ones, by a factor of 3:1.

Innovators, at the same time, overvalue their ____ products by the same factor.

Having put their ideas, ____, energy, money, and time into a new product, innovators tend to lose a sense of realism.

Taken together, there is a ____ of 9:1 between what innovators think consumers want and what consumers truly desire.

A new product must therefore not be better by a small measure; rather, its gains must far outweigh the potential ____, or consumers will not adopt it.

In a time when so much of our communication is electronically mediated, it is likely that we will communicate emotions through the written ____ in an e-mail, text, or instant message.

We may also ____ use pen and paper when sending someone a thank-you note, a birthday card, or a sympathy card.

Communicating emotions through the written (or typed) word can have advantages such as time to compose your thoughts and convey the details of ____ you’re feeling.

There are ____ disadvantages in that important context and nonverbal communication can’t be included.

Things like facial expressions and tone of ____ offer much insight into emotions that may not be expressed verbally.

There is ____ a lack of immediate feedback.

Sometimes people respond immediately to a text or e-mail, but think about how frustrating it is when ____ text someone and they don’t get back to you right away.

If you’re in need of emotional support or want validation of an emotional message you just sent, waiting for a response could ____ up negatively affecting your emotional state.

The medieval and Renaissance eras saw a rise in human exploitation of ____ resources, which evolved into a concern for future generations.

The intellectual movement in ____ Britain saw technology as “dehumanizing,” causing people to romanticize rural life in medieval Europe.

____ of these views persist today.

They have found refuge in ____ of the environmental movement that assert that nature is better preserved by excluding human activity.

Supporters of this view maintain that rapid technological ____ is the main source of ecological degradation and that efforts should be made to slow it down.

This ____, though credible at face value, confuses technological advancement with the impacts of specific technologies.

A rigid adherence to the view would prevent the ____ of technology and engineering in key areas where it is essential for environmental management.

For ____, chemistry has given the world industries that have resulted in ecological damage.

But ____ of the same scientific foundations are now being used in “green chemistry.”

Between ____ and 1930, the number of U.S. dailies fell from 2,200 to 1,942. More significantly, the number of cities with competing daily papers fell from 689 to 288 during this same period.

Part of the reason was competition: the high cost of equipment ____ with circulation wars killed many papers.

Another part of the reason, though, was the desire of the largest newspaper owners to reduce ____ in the various cities in which they operated.

These ____ tried to ensure that they would attract most of the daily circulation, and therefore most of the advertising money, by buying and killing off other newspapers in places where they owned papers.

The result was the creation of powerful newspaper chains, companies that owned a number of ____ around the nation.

By 1933, the six most powerful chains — Hearst, Scripps-Howard, Patterson-McCormick, Block, Ridder, and Gannett —controlled about one-quarter of all daily ____ in the United States.

Hearst ____ controlled almost 14 percent of daily and 24 percent of Sunday circulation in 1935.

The huge advantage of ____ processing of information in our environment is that it helps us get through a great many decisions with almost no effort.

However, there are some ____ disadvantages.

With so many messages constantly available, we are overwhelmed and begin to think that the value of any one message is almost nothing, so we make poor exposure decisions and while we are exposing ourselves to more and more messages, we are paying less and less attention to them. With reduced concentration, our increased exposure does ____ translate into increased learning.

In fact, the opposite is true: it is ____ that the more time people spend with the media in general, the less likely they are to learn from any one message, especially with the multitasking further reducing attention to any one message.

With so many messages and so many exposures, the value of any one message keeps getting ____.

While automatic information processing facilitates decision-making, it also leads to an excessive availability of messages, which in turn diminishes the perceived value of any single message and the ____ that we learn from it.

The tendency to deal with threat by ignoring or denying the problem can appear in normal individuals, but only under certain ____.

For the most part, fear-arousing communications usually ____ recipients to take actions to reduce the threat.

For instance, a ____ to French teenagers about the dangers of alcohol was significantly more effective in changing attitudes and behaviors toward drinking when accompanied by fear-arousing versus neutral pictures.

However, there is an exception to this general rule: When the danger described in the fear-producing ____ is severe but the recipients are told of no effective means of reducing the danger — self-restraint, medication, exercise, diet, or the like — they may deal with the fear by “blocking out” the message or denying that it applies to them.

As a result, they may ____ no preventive action.

This helps explain why it is important to accompany high-fear messages with specific recommendations for behavior that will ____ the danger:

The more clearly people see behavioral means for ridding themselves of the ____, the less they will need to resort to psychological means such as denial.

The lesson: Don’t try to ____ people through fear without giving them specific steps to handle the fear.

This applies to your letter designed to convince citizens of the dangers of high ____ limits.

Vividly describing the highway mayhem these high speed limits allow should be effective as ____ as you also describe specific steps recipients can take to reduce the danger, such as contributing to relevant political action groups or calling relevant legislators (whose phone numbers you should provide).