2026 수능특강 영어 Test 2 변형 (15-25번)

Consider the following recent findings that relate to the basic spatial concept of ____.

Because moving around in space is a common ____ experience, concepts such as “up” or “down” are immediately meaningful relative to one’s own body.

The concrete experience of verticality serves as a perfect scaffold for understanding abstract concepts, such as morality: Virtue is up, ____ depravity is down.

Good people are “high-minded” and “upstanding” citizens, whereas bad people are “____” and the “low life” of society.

Recent research by Brian Meier, Martin Sellbom, and Dustin Wygant illustrated that research participants are faster to categorize moral words when presented in an up location and immoral words ____ presented in a down location.

Thus people intuitively relate the moral domain to verticality; however, Meier and colleagues also found that people who do not recognize moral norms — ____, psychopaths — fail to show this effect.

A good example of the tremendous constraints of evolution even during episodes of ____ innovation is the vertebrate wing.

Wings have been ____ in many separate lineages.

The wings of bats, birds, and pterosaurs all evolved ____ and therefore have big structural differences.

However, in all of those ____, the wing evolved from a forelimb.

Those animals lost ____ uses of their forelimbs in order to get wings.

Neither birds nor bats can ____ things very well.

They ____ to awkwardly use their feet and mouths to manipulate objects.

It would have been far better for ____ animals to grow wholly new wings while retaining their forelimbs, but evolution rarely works that way.

For an animal with a complex body plan, ____ new limbs is not an option, but slowly reshaping existing limbs is.

Evolution is a ____ game of tradeoffs.

Websites and apps and programs always break because the computers that they are on wear out and ____ to be updated. The world changes.

Software needs to be updated. When you host ____ a simple website with a company, that company will always go through management changes or be sold, or upgrade its servers, and something will inevitably be screwed up.

Every year that you run a software project, ____ accumulate technical debt — the cost of maintaining the current software and adding on patches and fixes.

In a ____ York Times editorial, professors Andrew Russell and Lee Vinsel wrote that 60 percent of software development costs are spent on routine maintenance like bug fixes and upgrades.

Contrary to popular imagination, the enormous number of engineers and software developers that we’re projected to ____ in the workforce in the future is not needed for new and innovative projects; 70 percent of engineers work on maintaining existing products, not making new ones.

Does Earth really have a finite supply of mineral deposits? Many ____ do not think so.

They maintain that increased oil prices and new technology will make it possible to make use of deposits that are too ____ grade for today’s market.

In fact, this is exactly what has happened in the last few years with the ____ of shale-oil fields in which fracking of source rocks yields oil.

Geologists agree that changes of this type are important, but they note that the volume of the crust is limited and that this places an ultimate limit on the ____ and even the new deposits that we can find.

So, although economists might win in the short run, geologists are right in the ____ run and in the meantime, we have to find the deposits that remain.

Why do consumers ____ to buy innovative products?

An explanation is supplied by behavioral economists such as 2002 Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman, who showed, with Amos ____, that consumers have a “loss aversion,” which means that they fear losses much more than gains of the same scale.

The problem with introducing a new technology or applications is that it forces ____ to change their behavior, which is never easy.

Studies show that people tend to overvalue the benefits of the goods they own and ____ over new ones, by a factor of 3:1.

Innovators, at the same time, ____ their new products by the same factor.

Having ____ their ideas, hopes, energy, money, and time into a new product, innovators tend to lose a sense of realism.

Taken together, there is a mismatch of 9:1 between what innovators think consumers ____ and what consumers truly desire.

A new product must therefore not be better by a small measure; rather, ____ gains must far outweigh the potential losses, or consumers will not adopt it.

In a time when so much of our communication is ____ mediated, it is likely that we will communicate emotions through the written word in an e-mail, text, or instant message.

We may ____ still use pen and paper when sending someone a thank-you note, a birthday card, or a sympathy card.

____ emotions through the written (or typed) word can have advantages such as time to compose your thoughts and convey the details of what you’re feeling.

There are ____ disadvantages in that important context and nonverbal communication can’t be included.

Things like facial expressions and tone of voice offer much insight into ____ that may not be expressed verbally.

There is also a ____ of immediate feedback.

Sometimes people respond immediately to a text or e-mail, but think about how frustrating it is when you text ____ and they don’t get back to you right away.

If you’re in need of emotional support or want validation of an emotional message you just sent, waiting for a response could end up ____ affecting your emotional state.

The medieval and Renaissance eras saw a rise in human exploitation of ____ resources, which evolved into a concern for future generations.

The intellectual movement in Victorian Britain saw technology as “dehumanizing,” causing people to romanticize rural ____ in medieval Europe.

Some of these ____ persist today.

They have found refuge in sections of the environmental movement that assert that nature is ____ preserved by excluding human activity.

____ of this view maintain that rapid technological innovation is the main source of ecological degradation and that efforts should be made to slow it down.

This view, though credible at face value, ____ technological advancement with the impacts of specific technologies.

A rigid adherence to the view would ____ the use of technology and engineering in key areas where it is essential for environmental management.

For example, chemistry ____ given the world industries that have resulted in ecological damage.

But ____ of the same scientific foundations are now being used in “green chemistry.”

Between 1910 and 1930, the ____ of U.S. dailies fell from 2,200 to 1,942. More significantly, the number of cities with competing daily papers fell from 689 to 288 during this same period.

Part of the ____ was competition: the high cost of equipment combined with circulation wars killed many papers.

Another part of the reason, though, was the desire of the largest newspaper ____ to reduce competition in the various cities in which they operated.

These owners tried to ensure that they would attract most of the daily circulation, and therefore most of the advertising money, by ____ and killing off other newspapers in places where they owned papers.

The result was the creation of powerful newspaper ____, companies that owned a number of papers around the nation.

By 1933, the six most powerful chains — Hearst, Scripps-Howard, Patterson-McCormick, Block, Ridder, and Gannett —controlled about one-quarter of all ____ circulation in the United States.

Hearst alone controlled ____ 14 percent of daily and 24 percent of Sunday circulation in 1935.

The huge advantage of automatic processing of information in our environment is that it helps us get through a ____ many decisions with almost no effort.

However, ____ are some serious disadvantages.

With so many messages constantly available, we are overwhelmed and begin to think that the value of any one message is almost ____, so we make poor exposure decisions and while we are exposing ourselves to more and more messages, we are paying less and less attention to them. With reduced concentration, our increased exposure does not translate into increased learning.

In fact, the opposite is true: it is likely that the more ____ people spend with the media in general, the less likely they are to learn from any one message, especially with the multitasking further reducing attention to any one message.

With so many ____ and so many exposures, the value of any one message keeps getting reduced.

While automatic information processing facilitates decision-making, it also ____ to an excessive availability of messages, which in turn diminishes the perceived value of any single message and the likelihood that we learn from it.

The tendency to deal with threat by ____ or denying the problem can appear in normal individuals, but only under certain conditions.

For the ____ part, fear-arousing communications usually stimulate recipients to take actions to reduce the threat.

For instance, a lecture to ____ teenagers about the dangers of alcohol was significantly more effective in changing attitudes and behaviors toward drinking when accompanied by fear-arousing versus neutral pictures.

However, there is an exception to this general rule: When the danger described in the fear-producing message is severe but the recipients are told of no effective means of reducing the danger — ____, medication, exercise, diet, or the like — they may deal with the fear by “blocking out” the message or denying that it applies to them.

As a result, they may ____ no preventive action.

This helps explain why it is important to ____ high-fear messages with specific recommendations for behavior that will diminish the danger:

The more clearly people see behavioral means for ridding themselves of the fear, the less they will need to resort to psychological means such as ____.

The lesson: Don’t try to ____ people through fear without giving them specific steps to handle the fear.

This applies to your letter designed to ____ citizens of the dangers of high speed limits.

Vividly describing the highway mayhem these high speed limits ____ should be effective as long as you also describe specific steps recipients can take to reduce the danger, such as contributing to relevant political action groups or calling relevant legislators (whose phone numbers you should provide).