2026 수능특강 영어 Test 2 변형 (15-25번)

Consider the following recent findings that relate to the basic spatial ____ of verticality.

Because moving around in space ____ a common physical experience, concepts such as “up” or “down” are immediately meaningful relative to one’s own body.

The concrete experience of verticality serves as a ____ scaffold for understanding abstract concepts, such as morality: Virtue is up, whereas depravity is down.

Good people are “high-minded” and “upstanding” citizens, whereas ____ people are “underhanded” and the “low life” of society.

Recent research by Brian Meier, Martin Sellbom, and Dustin Wygant illustrated that research participants are faster to ____ moral words when presented in an up location and immoral words when presented in a down location.

Thus people intuitively relate the moral domain to verticality; however, Meier and colleagues also found that people who do not recognize moral norms — namely, psychopaths ____ fail to show this effect.

A good example of the tremendous constraints of evolution even during episodes ____ great innovation is the vertebrate wing.

____ have been invented in many separate lineages.

The wings of bats, birds, and ____ all evolved separately and therefore have big structural differences.

However, in all of those cases, the wing evolved ____ a forelimb.

____ animals lost many uses of their forelimbs in order to get wings.

Neither birds ____ bats can grasp things very well.

They ____ to awkwardly use their feet and mouths to manipulate objects.

It would have been far better for those animals to grow wholly new wings while retaining their forelimbs, ____ evolution rarely works that way.

For an animal with a complex body plan, growing new limbs ____ not an option, but slowly reshaping existing limbs is.

Evolution ____ a constant game of tradeoffs.

____ and apps and programs always break because the computers that they are on wear out and need to be updated. The world changes.

Software needs to be updated. When you host even a simple website with a company, ____ company will always go through management changes or be sold, or upgrade its servers, and something will inevitably be screwed up.

Every year that you run a software project, you accumulate technical debt — the cost of maintaining ____ current software and adding on patches and fixes.

In a New York Times editorial, professors Andrew Russell and Lee Vinsel wrote that 60 ____ of software development costs are spent on routine maintenance like bug fixes and upgrades.

Contrary to popular imagination, the enormous number of engineers and software developers that we’re projected to need in the ____ in the future is not needed for new and innovative projects; 70 percent of engineers work on maintaining existing products, not making new ones.

____ Earth really have a finite supply of mineral deposits? Many economists do not think so.

They maintain that increased oil prices and new technology will make it possible to make use of deposits ____ are too low grade for today’s market.

In fact, this is exactly what has happened in the last few years with the development of shale-oil fields in which ____ of source rocks yields oil.

Geologists agree that changes of this type are important, but they note that the volume of the crust is limited and that this places an ultimate limit on the conventional and even the new deposits that ____ can find.

So, although economists might win in the short run, ____ are right in the long run and in the meantime, we have to find the deposits that remain.

Why ____ consumers fail to buy innovative products?

An explanation is supplied by behavioral economists such as 2002 Nobel Prize winner Daniel Kahneman, who showed, with Amos Tversky, that consumers have a “loss aversion,” which means that they fear losses much more than gains ____ the same scale.

The problem with introducing a new ____ or applications is that it forces consumers to change their behavior, which is never easy.

Studies show that people tend to overvalue the benefits ____ the goods they own and know over new ones, by a factor of 3:1.

Innovators, at the same time, overvalue their new ____ by the same factor.

Having put their ____ hopes, energy, money, and time into a new product, innovators tend to lose a sense of realism.

Taken together, there is a mismatch of 9:1 between what innovators think consumers want ____ what consumers truly desire.

A new ____ must therefore not be better by a small measure; rather, its gains must far outweigh the potential losses, or consumers will not adopt it.

In ____ time when so much of our communication is electronically mediated, it is likely that we will communicate emotions through the written word in an e-mail, text, or instant message.

We may also still use ____ and paper when sending someone a thank-you note, a birthday card, or a sympathy card.

Communicating emotions through the written (or typed) word can have advantages such as time to compose your thoughts and convey the details of ____ you’re feeling.

There are also disadvantages in that important context and nonverbal communication can’t be ____

Things like facial expressions and tone of voice offer much insight into emotions that may not ____ expressed verbally.

There is also a lack of ____ feedback.

Sometimes people respond immediately to a text or e-mail, but think about how frustrating it is when you text someone and they don’t get back to you ____ away.

If you’re in need of emotional support or want ____ of an emotional message you just sent, waiting for a response could end up negatively affecting your emotional state.

The medieval and Renaissance eras saw a ____ in human exploitation of natural resources, which evolved into a concern for future generations.

The intellectual movement in Victorian Britain saw ____ as “dehumanizing,” causing people to romanticize rural life in medieval Europe.

Some of these views ____ today.

They have found refuge in sections ____ the environmental movement that assert that nature is better preserved by excluding human activity.

Supporters of this view maintain that rapid technological innovation is the main source of ecological ____ and that efforts should be made to slow it down.

This view, though credible at face value, confuses technological advancement with ____ impacts of specific technologies.

A rigid adherence to the view would prevent ____ use of technology and engineering in key areas where it is essential for environmental management.

For example, chemistry has given the world industries that have resulted ____ ecological damage.

But many of the same scientific foundations are ____ being used in “green chemistry.”

Between ____ and 1930, the number of U.S. dailies fell from 2,200 to 1,942. More significantly, the number of cities with competing daily papers fell from 689 to 288 during this same period.

Part of the reason was competition: the high cost of equipment combined with circulation ____ killed many papers.

Another part ____ the reason, though, was the desire of the largest newspaper owners to reduce competition in the various cities in which they operated.

These owners tried ____ ensure that they would attract most of the daily circulation, and therefore most of the advertising money, by buying and killing off other newspapers in places where they owned papers.

The result was the ____ of powerful newspaper chains, companies that owned a number of papers around the nation.

By 1933, the six most powerful chains — Hearst, Scripps-Howard, Patterson-McCormick, Block, Ridder, and Gannett —controlled about one-quarter of ____ daily circulation in the United States.

Hearst alone controlled almost ____ percent of daily and 24 percent of Sunday circulation in 1935.

The huge advantage of automatic processing of information in our environment is that it helps ____ get through a great many decisions with almost no effort.

____ there are some serious disadvantages.

With so many messages constantly available, we are overwhelmed and begin to think that the value of any one message is almost nothing, so we make poor exposure decisions and while we are exposing ourselves to more and more messages, we are paying ____ and less attention to them. With reduced concentration, our increased exposure does not translate into increased learning.

In fact, the opposite is true: it is likely that the more ____ people spend with the media in general, the less likely they are to learn from any one message, especially with the multitasking further reducing attention to any one message.

With so many messages and so many exposures, the value of any one ____ keeps getting reduced.

While automatic information processing facilitates decision-making, it also leads to an excessive availability of messages, which in turn diminishes the perceived value of any single message and the likelihood that ____ learn from it.

The tendency to deal with threat by ignoring or denying the problem can appear in normal individuals, but only under ____ conditions.

For ____ most part, fear-arousing communications usually stimulate recipients to take actions to reduce the threat.

For instance, a lecture to French teenagers about the dangers of alcohol was significantly more effective in changing attitudes and ____ toward drinking when accompanied by fear-arousing versus neutral pictures.

However, there is an exception to this general rule: When the danger described in the fear-producing message is severe but the recipients are told ____ no effective means of reducing the danger — self-restraint, medication, exercise, diet, or the like — they may deal with the fear by “blocking out” the message or denying that it applies to them.

As a result, they may ____ no preventive action.

This helps explain why it is important to accompany ____ messages with specific recommendations for behavior that will diminish the danger:

The more clearly people see behavioral means for ridding themselves of the ____ the less they will need to resort to psychological means such as denial.

The lesson: Don’t try to ____ people through fear without giving them specific steps to handle the fear.

This applies to your letter designed to convince citizens of the dangers of ____ speed limits.

Vividly describing the highway mayhem these high ____ limits allow should be effective as long as you also describe specific steps recipients can take to reduce the danger, such as contributing to relevant political action groups or calling relevant legislators (whose phone numbers you should provide).